Ls srs hmns smpr hn ddcd n grn prt d s vd dsrrllr n sr d cpcns, trvs d ls q h cnsgd ls lmnts ncsrs pr sbrvvr. ntgmnt, l cpcn s hrdb d gnrcn n gnrcn, sn mbrg, n ls ltms ñs s st prdcnd n rvlcn d ls prfsns, sbr td pr l rvlcn tcnlgc, bsd n ls sstms d lmcnmnt d nfrmcn, y n l rbtc, tnnd grn mprtnc l hch d ls “nvs ycmnts d mpl”.
L prtnnc d spñ l br n bnc d psbldds q hbr q cncr pr ptncr ls prtndds q ls cddns cmntrs tnms n l mbt lbrl.

23.2.1. Ncn d prfsn y clsfccn d ls prfsns.

Pdms str s rgn n ls prmrs grms, vnclds cn cndcts crprtvs, s bn dsd ntncs h sfrd grnds cmbs. L R l dfn cm: mpl, fcltd fc q tn y jrc n prsn cn drch rtrbcn. n sntd strct, xg:

- Cncmnts trcs y prctcs, dqrds pr frmcn y xprnc.

- Nrms y rgls q db rsptr pr s fcnt dsmpñ (mtd d trbj);

- n ctvdd rcncd y dfrncd pr l Scdd y ls nsttcns (tldd);

- rgnzcns prfsnls d prmcn y dfns, d crctrstcs smlrs n l mnd frmnd ntdds ntrncnls d cprcn ntrcmb;

- n lngj spcfc (tcnc-cntfc) y n bs dcmntl y bblgrfc d rfrnc y cnslt prfsnl, y d frmcn y dsrrll prmnnt;

- xg mnd ns pttds nnts sn ls q s ntl td dstrmnt.

n l rlcn lbrl l jrcc prfsnl s plsm n l clsfccn prfsnl, dfnnd s sttt jrdc y l nvl d xgbldd, ntgrnd l trbjdr n n ctgr (fncns q dfnn l spclzcn d qn l jct) grp prfsnl (clfccn prfsnl y cntnd gnrl d l prstcn).

Ls prfsns rfljn n frm d rgnzr l prdccn n n scdd, ss ncsdds y s scl d vlrs, cndcnnd s dsrrll l cmlcn d myrs ngrss y prstg scl. S dmnd myr frmcn y spclzcn, s plcn nvs cmps ls cncmnts, y s vnz n trs nvs.

23.2.2. Ls prfsns lbrls:

Trdcnlmnt hn sd qlls ctvdds prfsnls crctrzds pr:

- n prprcn spclzd n n crp d cncmnts sstmtcs y gnrlzds, nrmlmnt d tp ntlctl, ms q mnl;

- n rntcn d l prfsn y s ctvdd hc l cmndd;

- tnm y tcntrl n s jrcc, mdnt cdgs tcs ntrrzds n l sclzcn y n l sccnsm prfsnls (cdg dntlgc);

- n sstm d rtrbcn (slr y stts) sgnd cnvncnlmnt bsd n l prstg dl trbj rlzd pr l Scdd dl mmnt y n n ls fnldds prtclrs d cd ndvd.

Sn mbrg, hy l cmb tcnlgc y n l sstm prdctv, h trnsfrmd l sntd trdcnl dl prfsnl lbrl, d frm q s dfcl dstngr ntr trbj mnl ntlctl (j.¿q s n nfrmr?) y l cst mtrl ncsr y l spclzcn q s h prdcd, blg ls prfsnls scrs ncls ntgrrs n grnds mprss, crcnds l slrd.

3.1 Cnfgrcn jrdc d ls prfsns
l trmn d cnfgrcn s rfr l frm q tnn ls css. Cnd hblms d cnfgrcn d ls prfsns, hblms d cm s strctrn ls prfsns. Trdcnlmnt, hn xstd ds frms d cnfgrcn:
1. l prmr cnsst n l crcn d n ttl cdmc prfsnl q prmt dsrrllr n trbj, pr n l rlzcn d trs rltvs ss ttlcns.
2. l sgnd cnsst n l crcn d n ttl cdmc prfsnl l q s l n l psbldd d jrcc d n prfsn q cnllv l rlzcn d n sr d trs.
n spñ, hy vrs prfsns q hn sd crds pr l dnmc scl, hbnd sd rglds dsps (cm zptrs, pndrs, crpntrs) mdnt l dtcn d rqsts pr s jrcc (btncn d ttlcns). (Vllr Pls stblc l sgnt clsfccn d grps d prfsns l nlzr l crcn d Clgs Prfsnls:
? Prfsns crds cm cnscnc d n dmnd scl prxstnt (ctvdds dsrrllds pr ncsdds scls, cm l mdcn).
? Prfsns crds pr nvs ttls (prfsns y xstnts, pr q s ls stblc q, pr s dsrrll, s btng n ttl prfsnl).
? Prfsns crds l mpr d n Clg Prfsnl (sn ttlcn pr jrcr, pr cn blgcn d nscrbrs n n Clg Prfsnl).
? Prfsns bsds n l frgmntcn d ttls gnrcs.)

3.2 L clsfccn d ls cpcns
Hy nvs cpcns q s crn, dsprcnd trs. Pr ll, ls stds s hn vst n l ncsdd d clsfcr ls prfsns. n spñ, xstn trs clsfccns dstcds: l Clsfccn Ncnl d ls cpcns (CN), l Clsfccn Ncnl d ctvdds cnmcs (CN), y l Ctlg Ncnl d Clfccns Prfsnls (CNCP).
Clsfccn Ncnl d cpcns (CN): l CN tn ls sgnts crctrstcs:
? L fnldd dl CN s lgrr n trtmnt nfrm d ls dts stdstcs rlcnds cn ls cpcns n l mbt ncnl ntrncnl pr cmprrls.
? Ls crtrs d clsfccn tlzds pr l CN sn l tp d trbj rlzd y ls cmptncs (ls cmptncs sn ls cpcdds pr dsmpñr trs rltvs n mpl).
? L CN stblc ls sgnts grps d prfsns: - Drctrs y grnts.
- Tcncs y prfsnls cntfcs ntlctls.
- Tcncs; prfsnls d py
- mplds cntbls, dmnstrtvs y trs mplds d fcn.
- Trbjdrs d ls srvcs d rstrcn, prsnls, prtccn y vnddrs.
- Trbjs clfcds n l sctr grcl, gndr, frstl y psqr.
- rtsns y trbjdrs clfcds d ls ndstrs d mnfctrs y l cnstrccn.
- prdrs d nstlcns y mqnr. - cpcns lmntls
- cpcns mltrs.
Clsfccn Ncnl d ctvdds cnmcs (CN): L CN (2009) rgnz ls ctvdds n ctr nvls: sccns, dvsns, grps y clss. ll prmt clsfcr ndds stdstcs y ntdds sgn l ctvdd cnmc q jrzn.

Ctlg Ncnl d Clfccns Prfsnls (CNCP) y l nsttt Ncnl d Clfccns (NCL):
l Ctlg Ncnl d Clfccns Prfsnls (CNCP) tn n sstm d clsfccn q tlz l clfccn cm lmnt clv pr clsfcr ls cpcns. Ls fncns dl CNCP sn:
? dntfcr, dfnr y rdnr ls clfccns prfsnls y stblcr ls spcfccns d l frmcn n mtr d cmptncs.
? stblcr l rfrnt pr vlr y crdtr ls cmptncs prfsnls dqrds mdnt l xprnc lbrl ls vs n frmls d frmcn.
l CNCP rdn ls clfccns n 26 fmls prfsnls dstnts y n cnc nvls d clfccn sgn l grd d cncmnt, nctv, tnm y rspnsbldd pr rlzr dch ctvdd lbrl.
l nsttt Ncnl d Clfccns (NCL) s l rgnsm lbrd pr l CNCP, rspnsbldd d dfnr, lbrr y mntnr ctlzd l CNCP. Ls fncns dl NCL sn:
? Prpnr l stblcmnt y gstn dl Sstm Ncnl d Clfccns.
? stblcr crtrs pr dfnr ls rqsts y crctrstcs q dbn rnr ls clfccns prfsnls pr sr ncrprds l sstm ncnl d clfccn.
? Prpnr n sstm d crdtcn y rcncmnt prsnl.
? Prpnr ls mdds ncsrs pr l rglcn dl sstm d crrspndncs, cnvldcns y qvlncs ntr dstnts frms d ccs n clfccn prfsnl.
n rlcn drct cn ls prpscns (l RD 375/1999), s prps l crcn d n bsrvtr d Prfsns cys fns rn prprcnr nfrmcn sbr l vlcn d l dmnd y frt d ls prfsns, cpcns y prfls n l mrcd lbrl. l bsrvtr tn ds rs: l Srvc dl bsrvtr d ls Clfccns (nlz ls clfccns mrgnts y n rtrcs), y l Srvc d Prgrms d nnvcn (dsrrll ctvdds pr fmntr l FP).

l nlss d ls bss cnsttcnls dl drch l lbr lccn d l prfsn s ncntr n l C d 1978 (rt. 35, 36, 23.2):

(rtcl 35: Tds ls spñls tnn l dbr d trbjr y l drch l trbj, l lbr lccn d prfsn, l prmcn trvs dl trbj y n rmnrcn sfcnt pr stsfcr ss ncsdds y ls d s fml, sn q pd hcrs dscrmncn pr rzn d sx. rtcl 36: L Ly rglr ls pclrdds prps dl rgmn jrdc d ls Clgs Prfsnls y l jrcc d ls prfsns ttlds. rtcl 23.2: Tnn drch ccdr n cndcns d gldd ls fncns y crgs pblcs, cn ls rqsts q sñln ls lys.)

ntcdnts hstrcs

l drch l “lbr lccn d l prfsn” tn n mpl trdcn n nstr lgslcn y n txts ntrncnls rtfcds pr spñ (cm l rt. 23 d l Dclrcn nvrsl d ls Drchs Hmns).

Cnfgrcn dl drch

Ls crctrstcs bscs dl drch l lbr lccn d prfsn sn:

n sntd pstv, s n drch ptr pr n trbj; n sntd ngtv, cmprnd l drch d ls prsns n sr blgds trbjr n prfsns n ls q n dsn prstr s srvc. N s n drch fndmntl, pr st std ntr ls drchs y dbrs d ls cddns. l ccs l fncn pblc s tn crctr d drch fndmntl, ps s rgl n l C, cn n prncp d gldd d ccs. L lbr lccn d prfsn ncly l psbldd d cmbr d prfsn. l drch ptr lbrmnt pr n prfsn n spn q l std n pd rglr cndcns pr l ccs crts prfsns. l std tmbn pd dtrmnr lgns cndcns pr s jrcc (cm l cs d clgrs pr jrcr n crts prfsns). l drch l lbr lccn d prfsn mpd ls pdrs pblcs stblcr n nmrs clss d prfsns q pdn jrcrs n spñ (nq pdn prmvr ccns y pltcs ncmnds fvrcr lgns prfsns).

L prfsn rgldr

l rgmn d ls prfsns ttlds n spñ s l sgnt:

L ly rglr l jrcc d ls prfsns ttlds (pdnd stblcr l ncsdd d btnr n ttl pr jrcr). L cmptnc pr crr st ly s dl std. l lgsldr dbr cnsdrr cnd s ncsr btnr n dtrmnd ttl pr jrcr n dtrmnd prfsn. xstn trs nrms pr rglr l jrcc d l prfsn, q ncn sbr td pr vtr n cnflct d trbcns ntr dstnts prfsns.

Sbms q lgns prfsns ncstn d l btncn d n ttl y dms d l nscrpcn blgtr n n Clg Prfsnl. Ésts frn dsrrllds drnt ls sgls XX y XX. Ss crctrstcs sn:

n Clg Prfsnl s n Crprcn d Drch Pblc q s cr cn vrs fnldds: dfndr ss clgds, prtgrs dl ntrssm lbrl, rglr nrms pr l jrcc prfsnl, ntr trs. l Trbnl Sprm h cnsdrd q s ctvdd s sbr td prvd, y q prtgn ls ntrss prvds d ss mmbrs sn frmr prt d l dmnstrcn Pblc. S mntnn cnmcmnt trvs d ls prtcns d ss clgds. S crcn db sr mdnt l ly, bj prncps d dmcrc n s rgnzcn y strctr ntrn.

L dmnsn scl d l nn h d crcnd y cnsldnds, psnd pr n sr d fss l lrg dl tmp:
1. ñs 60: l bjtv scl d l pltc d l Cmndd rp d l pc r dsrrllr l prncp d lbr crclcn d ls trbjdrs.
2. ñs 70: s lbr l “Prgrm d ccns Scls”, mdnt l q s ntnt prmvr l mjr d ls cndcns lbrls d ls trbjdrs y ls cndcns d vd d l pblcn rp.
3. ñs 80: s prb l ct Únc rp, q ncly l “Crt Cmntr d Drchs Scls”, q stblc ls crtrs y drchs q dbn rgr l mnd lbrl.
4. ñs 90: s frm l “Trtd d Mstrcht”, q prtnd cnsgr n cmplt lbrtd d crclcn d prsns. Dntr d l ctvdd lbrl ncly: l lbr crclcn d trbjdrs pr prsnl q trbj pr cnt jn, lbrtd d stblcmnt y lbrtd d prstcn d srvcs.
5. Ls 2000: s prb l Crt d Drchs Fndmntls d L nn (n Nz) q ncly cm drchs lbrls cm: drch l lbrtd prfsnl y drch trbjr, lbrtd d mprs, drch l nfrmcn y cnslt d ls trbjdrs n l mprs, drch l ngccn y ccn clctv, ccs ls srvcs d clccn, prtccn n cs d dspd njstfcd, ntr trs.
L pltc cmntr sbr lbr crclcn d prsns, srvcs y cptls rsd n l TF (rts 45-62).

5.1 L lbr crclcn d ls trbjdrs slrds
L lbr crclcn d ls trbjdrs rcg l psbldd d q ls cddns rps pdn bscr lbrmnt n trbj slrd pr td l trrtr d l .
Mrc lgl: l drch l lbr crclcn d ls trbjdrs prc rgld l TF (rts 45-48), y n trs rglmnts, cm l Drctv dl Prlmnt rp y dl Cnsj.
Ámbt sbjtv: l jrcc d st drch qd rsrvd ls cddns d l .
Cntnd dl prncp: st prncp s cmnt n l prhbcn d td dscrmncn pr rzn d ncnldd ntr ls trbjdrs d ls stds mmbrs n cnt l ccs l mpl, ls cndcns lbrls, y l rtrbcn.
l prncp d lbr crclcn d trbjdrs cmprnd ls sgnts drchs: ? Drch d rspndr d frts fctvs d trbj.
? Drch d dsplzrs lbrmnt n l trrtr d ls stds mmbrs.
? Drch d rsdr n n d ls stds mmbrs pr jrcr n l n mpl, d cnfrmdd cn ls dspscns lgls, rglmntrs y dmnstrtvs plcbls l mpl d ls trbjdrs ncnls (s ncsr slctr l nscrpcn n l Rgstr Cntrl d xtrnjrs s l rsdnc spr l prd d trs mss).
? Drch d prmncr n l trrtr d n std mmbr trs hbr jrcd n l n mpl, n ls cndcns prvsts n ls rglmnts d plccn stblcds pr l Cmsn.
Lmtcns dl prncp: L jccn dl drch l lbr crclcn d ls trbjdrs slrds tn ns lmts:
? Ls dspscns dl prncp sbr lbr crclcn n sn plcbls ls mpls n ls dmnstrcns pblcs.
? stn jstfcds ls lmtcns cn bs n l rdn pblc, sgrdd y sld pblcs. S s cnsdr q n ndvd s n plgr pr l rdn pblc, st n pdr jrcr dch drch.
5.2 l drch d stblcmnt
Mrc lgl: l drch d stblcmnt s ncntr rgld n l TF (rts 49-
Ámbt sbjtv: L lbrtd d stblcmnt pd sr jrcd pr prsns fscs pr prsns jrdcs, q pdn sr scdds cy sd scl s ncntr n l , trs prsns jrdcs d Drch pblc prvd q prsgn n fn lcrtv.
Cntnd dl prncp: L lbrtd d stblcmnt cmprndr:
? l ccs ctvdds n slrds y s jrcc.
? L cnsttcn y gstn d mprss y scdds.
? nstlrs n clqr ps mmbr d l pr jrcr n ctvdd prstr srvcs.
? l drch d stblcmnt s dsrrll sgnd ls cndcns dl ps n q s prtnd stblcr n prsn.
Lmtcns dl prncp: l drch d stblcmnt tn lgns lmtcns: ? Qns rcbn slr d n ntdd d frm rglr n pdrn jrcr l
55).
drch d stblcmnt.
? N s plcr st drch ls ctvdds rlcnds cn l jrcc dl pdr pblc.
? l Prlmnt rp y l Cnsj pdrn xclr dtrmnds ctvdds d l plccn d l nrmtv sbr drch d stblcmnt.
5.3 L lbr prstcn d srvcs
Mrc lgl: l drch l lbr prstcn d srvcs prc rgld n l TF
(rts 56-62).
Ámbt sbjtv: L lbr prstcn d srvcs pd sr jrcd pr prsns fscs jrdcs, sgnd ls msms cndcns q ls stblcds pr l drch d stblcmnt.
Cntnd dl drch: S cnsdrrn cm srvcs ls sgnts:
? Ls prstcns rlzds pr sjts cn stblcmnt n n std d l pr trs sjts rsdnts n tr ps cmntr cmb d n rmnrcn.
? S cnsdrrn srvcs ls ctvdds d crctr ndstrl, mrcntl, rtsnl y ls ctvdds prps d ls prfsns lbrls.
? L prstcn d srvcs pd mplcr n n dsplzmnt dl q vy dr n srvc.
? L prstcn d srvcs pd prlngrs n l tmp. Lmtcns dl drch: L lbr prstcn d srvcs tn ls msms
lmtcns q l drch d stblcmnt:
? N s plcr st drch ls ctvdds rlcnds cn l pdr pblc.
? l Prlmnt rp y l Cnsj pdrn xclr lgns ctvdds dl plccn d l nrmtv sbr drch d stblcmnt.
? S stblc l psbldd d lbrr n rgmn spcl pr ls xtrnjrs, n bs rzns d rdn pblc, sgrdd y sld.

md d rsmn:
? H hbd n vlcn cnstnt d ls prfsns n ls ltms dcds.
? l trmn prfsn s h nrqcd pr l fnmn d l prfsnlzcn
d ls cpcns y pr djr d crcnscrbrs ls prfsns lbrls.
? Cd prfsn tn n cnjnt d trs q dsrrlln ss prfsnls.
? L ncrprcn d spñ l h hch ncsr lgrr n rmnzcn d ttlcns cdmcs prfsnls q prmtn l jrcc cmplt d l lbrtd d crclcn d ls trbjdrs y prfsnls cmntrs.

Drnt ls ltms ñs, l tcnlg, ls mltncnls, l dslclzcn ndstrl y ls crds rgnls hn hch q l cmrc hy tnd n grn mpls y q ls trs prtccnsts ntrrmnt dspsts qdn bscmnt n dss. n l ctldd, cd d mpr ms n cnm glblzd n l q s h d pnsr n mrcds mch ms mpls y n n myr spclzcn d ls frzs y ls fctrs prdctvs.

Ls rlcns cnmcs ntr ls ncns hn psd pr dvrss fss n l dctrn cnmc:

- Dctrn mrcntlst: dfnd q l rqz d n ncn vn dd pr l cntdd d mtls prcss q ps (pr l q s dbn vndr l xtrr l mxm psbl).

- Lbrcmbsm: dfnd lmnr ls trbs prtccnsts l cmrc ntrncnl.

- Bltrlsm: prpn crds cmrcls ntr ls pss 2 2.

- Cprcn: s l rdccn d ls frntrs cmrcls mdnt crds ntrncnls sbr lmncn d rncls, lbrtd d pgs…

- ntgrcn: s l tndnc crr mrcds mpls mdnt nns dnrs cmrcls sbr td (j: l ).

l cncpt d glblzcn spn cncbr l plnt cm n sl mrcd tnt pr l dqscn d fctrs d prdccn cm pr l vnt d prdcts y srvcs, l q mplc l lbr crclcn d prsns, bns y cptls. n fctr q h cntrbd mntr ls rlcns cnmcs ntr ls ncns h sd ls mltncnls (mprss q prn n mchs pss). cnscnc h prcd n cncntrcn ndstrl, tcnc, y n cncntrcn cnmc y fnncr.

Ls crctrstcs prncpls d ls mltncnls sn:

- Bscn l mxm rntbldd cnjnt dl grp d mprss q dpndn d l mltncnl.

- Dvrsfcn rsgs cmrcls, fnncrs, cnmcs, pltcs y d cnflctvdd lbrl.

- Tnn n pscnmnt prvlgd n cnt cncmnts tcnlgcs.

- Tnn n grn pdr fnncr y pltc.

- Psn n dmn d ls mrcds pr s mplntcn mndl.

- Sn trnsmsrs d tcnlgs hc pss mns dsrrllds.

n cnt spñ, cmnz s ntgrcn n l cnm mndl cn l pct bltrl cn y cn s ntgrcn n l Cmndd cnmc rp (C). Ds hchs mprtnts q dstcn sn ls cncntrcn d mprss pr cmptr n mjrs cndcns, y ls nvrsns n l xtrnjr (j: BBV, Tlfnc, Rpsl, Gs Ntrl, Chp Chps…).

l cmrc xtrr s l cnjnt d prcns mrcntls, d vnt d prdcts srvcs q s hcn ntr dfrnts p&ct;ss. xstn ds prts n l cmrc xtrr: l mprtdr (cmprdr), y l xprtdr (vnddr). l cmrc xtrr pd vnr cnscnc d crds ntr: ds stds, mprss d dfrnts p&ct;ss sn mdc&ct;n d ls stds, cn prv crd ntr ls stds, y crds ntr mprss y trs stds.

l cmrc xtrr st&ct; cndcnd pr dvrss fctrs:

- Dsrrll d ls mds d trnsprt (tnn mnr cst n l ctldd).

- l dsrrll d ls cmnccns, q hc q ls cstmbrs d ls cddns d dstnts p&ct;ss s prxmn.

- L tcnlg&ct;.

- Dfrnts csts d ls fctrs prdcc&ct;n n cd p&ct;s.

- Dfrncs d ls gsts d ls cddns.

- Bns q s dn n dtrmnds p&ct;ss.

- Glblzc&ct;n dl mrcd pr prt d ls mltncnls.

- Ncsdd d bscr cnm&ct;s d scl (ncsdd d bscr bns d trs y clcr ls prps).

- crds ntrncnls (MC, NFT, , Mrcsr&hllp;).

- crds d scc&ct;n ntr mprss d dstnts p&ct;ss pr dsrrllr prycts cnjnts d clbrc&ct;n d mrcds.

- ntrncnlzc&ct;n d ls mrcds fnncrs.

3.1 Prncpls tr&ct;s sbr l cmrc xtrr

Ls tr&ct;s prncpls sbr l cmrc xtrr sn:

- Tr&ct; d l vntj bslt (dm Smth): dfnd q cd p&ct;s tn vntj bslt sbr ls dm&ct;s p&ct;ss n l prdcc&ct;n d n bn, prdcnd m&ct;s cntdd cn ls msms rcrss. D st md, cd p&ct;s s spclz n l prdcc&ct;n d n bn dtrmnd, tnnd vntj n s sbr ls dm&ct;s.

- Tr&ct; d l vntj cmprtv (Dvd Rcrd): dfnd q, n l cmrc ntr ds p&ct;ss, nq n tng vntj bslt n l prdcc&ct;n d ds bns, s spclzr&ct; n ql q tng myr vntj cmprtv n rlc&ct;n l tr p&ct;s.

- Tr&ct; dl cst d prtndd: s n dptc&ct;n d l tr&ct; d l vntj cmprtv, pr rspct dl cst d prtndd, y dfnd l scrfc d n sgnd bn pr, cn ls rcrss lbrds d &ct;st, crr m&ct;s ndds dl prmr bn.

- Tr&ct; d Hckschr-&ml;hln: &ml;hln dfnd q n p&ct;s xprtr&ct; l bn cy prdcc&ct;n xj l s dl fctr bndnt y d bj cst cn q cnt l p&ct;s, mprtr&ct; ql bn cy prdcc&ct;n xj d n fctr scs y csts dl q dspn l p&ct;s.

- trs: hy lgns tss sbr l cmrc xtrr cm: l tss sbr ls cnm&ct;s d scl (s prvc l cmrc bscnd ls msms), l tss d Sngr-Prbsch (mdnt n std mp&ct;rc prbrn q ls prcs d ls prdcts ndstrls crcn m&ct;s q l d ls prdcts prmrs, fvrcnd ls p&ct;ss dsrrllds), l tss dl ccl dl prdct, y l trm d Rybczynsk.

3.2 Cncpts b&ct;scs n l cmrc xtrr

n cmrc xtrr, hy vrs cncpts b&ct;scs:

- Dvs: sn t&ct;tls d cr&ct;dt d ls trdds mntrs frnt n rsdnts q sn l&ct;qds (mnds xtrnjrs).

- Tps d cmb: s l n&ct;mr d ndds d n mnd ncnl q s cmbn pr n ndd d mnd xtrnjr.

- Sgr d cmb: s n nstrmnt d cbrtr d rsg d cmb.

- Swp d dvss: s n trnscc&ct;n pr l q ds prts ntrcmbn ns cntdds d dvss dtrmnds pr rmblsrls n n plz, sg&ct;n ls cndcns crdds.

- Cnvrtbldd: s l psbldd d trnsfrmr n dvs n tr n vrtd dl std lgl d mbs.

- rncl: s l cntdd q s xg l rlzr l mprtc&ct;n d n bn pr prtgr ls bns ncnls d l cmptnc xtrr.

- Dmpng: cnd n mprs vnd n l xtrnjr n prc nfrr l cst ( prc d mrcd ntrr).

- Dvlc&ct;n y rvlc&ct;n: cnsst n l p&ct;rdd ncrmnt d vlr d n dvs rspct d trs q tmms cm bs.

- trs: hy trs cncpts n l cmrc xtrr cm crds d clrng, rbtrj d dvss (prc&ct;n ntr dvss pr btnr vntj), brk fwrd, cmpnsc&ct;n n cmrc ntrncnl (ntrcmb d bns tmnd n dvs cm bs d vlrc&ct;n), cntngnt (vlr m&ct;xm d mprtc&ct;n xprtc&ct;n d n bn n n prd d tmp), lds nd lgs (dlnts rtrss n ls pgs ntrncnls dbd xpcttvs d dvlc&ct;n d l mnd d n p&ct;s), ntr trs.

Ls nstrmnts prtccnsts s sn pr rdcr ls mprtcns. S clsfcn n: rnclrs y n rnclrs.

nstrmnts prtccnsts rnclrs: Ls rncls sn crgs q l gbrn pn ls bns xtrnjrs pr lvr s prc n l mrcd ntrr y hcrls mns cmpttvs. L fnldd d ls rncls s dvrs: prtccnst (pr fvrcr ls bns dl ps), rcddr, y pr crrgr ls dsqlbrs d l blnz d pgs. Hy vrs tps d rncls:

rncl d vlrm: s l prcntj fj dl vlr bn cmrclzd. rncl cntfc: s l ts rnclr q gl l prc dl bn mprtd cn l dl bn ntrr. rncl cmpst: s l cmbncn d ls ds ntrrs. rncl d xprtcn y rncl d mprtcn: s l drch d l dn sbr ls xprtcns mprtcns. rncls vrbls d ls mprtcns: ls pn l lgns prdcts grcls. rncl prhbtv: ql q, l sr my lt, mpd ls ntrcmbs cmrcls. (rncl ptm: l q mxmz ls bnfcs prcdnts d l rlcn d ntrcmb dl ps cn rspct l fct ngtv rsltnt d l rdccn n l vlmn d cmrc. rncl nmnl. S clcl cn bs n l prc dl bn. rncl spcfc: s xprs cm cntdd fj sbr ndd d bn cmrclzd.)

nstrmnts prtccnsts n rnclrs: Ls ms mprtnts sn:

Cts cntngnts d mprtcn: cnsst n fjr ns lmts cntttvs l mprtcn d lgns bns. Rstrccns vlntrs l xprtcn: s l crd pr l q n ps xprtdr rdc ls xprtcns d n bn n ps mprtdr dl msm. Nrms tcncs, dmnstrtvs y trs rglcns: sn nrms d sgrdd, sntrs, dmnstrtvs… q dscrmnn ls bns xtrnjrs n bnfc d ls ncnls. Sbsds l xprtcn: sn sbvncns q ls gbrns dn lgns bns pr q pdn sr xprtds n cndcns cmpttvs. Prvsn ncnl d bns y srvcs: stblcn ns cts d n bn ncnl q dbn cmprr ls gnts cnmcs dl ps.

Hy lgns prctcs q dfcltn l trnsprnc dl cmrc ntrncnl, cm: l crcn d crtls ntrncnls (prvdrs d n bn q mnpln ls prcs pr tnr ms bnfcs), dmpng (cnd s vnd n bn l xtrnjr prc nfrr l cst prc dl mrcd ntrr), crds lgplstcs (pcts d pnr l msm prc pr n cmptr ntr mprss), y dvlcns rtfcls d l mnd pr hcr ms cmpttvs ls xprtcns y mns ls mprtcns.

L lbrlzcn d ls mrcds ntrncnls ld l lmncn d trbs rnclrs y n rnclrs y l lbr crclcn n ls mrcds d bns, d srvcs y fnncrs.

L dctrn cnmc dfnd l lbrtd d cmrc, pr ls gbrns smpr hn tlzd lgns mdds d prtccn bj rzns cm: l ncsdd d prtgr ls ndstrs ncnts, vtr l dmpng scl, prtgr ls mprss ncnls y l nvl d mpl…

L lbrlzcn d ls mrcds s h vst fvrcd n ls ltms ñs pr ls crds ntr ls stds, cm l MC. n st sntd, dstcn tmbn ls crds rgnls q lgns dfndn cm v pr fvrcr l cmrc. lgns crds rgnls dstcds sn: l , l Trtd d Lbr Cmrc, l Mrcd Cmn Cntr mrcn, l Grp d ls Trs (Mxc, Clmb y Vnzl), l Cmsn pr l Cprcn d Áfrc rntl, l Cmndd cnmc frcn, l Cmndd cnmc d Áfrc Cntrl, l crd Rgnl d Cprcn Cmrcl y cnmc n l Pcfc Sr, CWS, SN, PC, C, CRCM…

Pr l lbrlzcn dl cmrc ntrncnl, hy q tnr n cnt l sstm mntr ntrncnl. Brttn Wds fj ls bss dl sstm mntr y stblc q tds ls mnds tndrn n vlr pr s mnd n trmns d dlr s qvlnt n r y s cmprmtn ntrvnr n ls mrcds d dvss pr mntnr s mnd dntr dl 1% d s vlr.

Pr st lbrlzcn, s cr tmbn n lbr crclcn d bns, cptls y prsns y l crcn d strctrs rgnls sprncnls.

L blnz d pgs s l rgstr sstmtc d ls trnsccns rlzds drnt n prd d tmp dtrmnd ntr ls rsdnts d n ps y l rst dl mnd. Ésts s cntblzn n ngrss y n pgs. L blnz d pgs tn trs prts: l blnz pr cnt crrnt, l blnz pr cnt cptl, y l blnz fnncr.

Blnz pr cnt crrnt: st cmpst pr: l cnt d mrcncs, d srvcs (mprtcns y xprtcns d mrcncs y srvcs), cnt d rnts (ngrss pr trbj pr spñls n l xtrnjrs, xtrnjrs n spñ), y l cnt d trnsfrncs crrnts. Blnz pr cnt cptl: st rgstr: ls trnsfrncs d cptl cncdds, l dqscn d ctvs n prdcds, n fnncrs (pdn sr d ctvs n prdcds cm l trr, ctvs ntngbls, cm ls drchs d tr). Blnz fnncr: st cmpst pr: l cnt d nvrsns (prcns nmbls), cnt d trs nvrsns (prcns d prstms y dpsts), y l cnt d vrcn d rsrvs (ncrmnts dsmncns nts d mnd xtrnjr, r…).

Td trnsccn ntrncnl d lgr ds ntrds n l blnz d pgs q s cmpnsn.

L C s cr pr l Trtd d Rm (1957). Ss ntcdnts ls ncntrms n l CC y l nn dnr d Blgc, Hlnd y Lxmbrg (BNLX). L h crd n nv mrc d rlcns cnmcs mdnt dvrss crcns, cm:

l Sstm Mntr rp, q mplc myr crdncn cnmc. l ct Únc rp (1986), q mpl ls cmptncs d l C. l Trtd d Mstrcht, cn ds cnfrncs: n sbr nn pltc y tr sbr nn mntr. Trtd sbr l , q cnsgr l bjtv d l nn cnmc y mntr. Crcn dl Bnc Cntrl rp. nn d dvrss pss (11) n l nn cnmc y mntr.

Pr l ntgrcn rp tr cnsg dvrss cnscncs:

nflnc n ls strctrs cnmcs y scls, fctnd l sbrn y ls rlcns cnmcs ntr ls prsns d ls pss mmbrs. Crclcn ttl d prsns, bns y cptls. Snmnt d ls cnms d ls pss, cnllvnd l rdccn d ls dfct pblcs, d l nflcn y d ls tps d ntrs. L rmnzcn fscl, q llvr l cnvrgnc n mtr d mpsts. Dsprcn bsrcn d mprss pr s ndptbldd l stcn.

md d rsmn, pd dcrs:

Ls pscns n cnt l cmrc ntrncnl hn cmbd l lrg d l hstr. Hy d tndms q sts cmbs prdzcn n stcn l ms lbr psbl. lgns crctrstcs dl cmrc ntrncnl n l ctldd sn:

Ls gbrns y n prtgn tnt ls bns ncnls cm ls mprss ncnls. l fnmn d cncntrcn d mprss. L cncpcn d ls mltncnls dl mrcd cm n sl, bscnd l myr bnfc y rndmnt cnjnt.

l cncpt d mprs h vlcnd l lrg d hstr. Hy ds fctrs pr ls q l mprs tn n ppl my mprtnt hy d: l cd dl blq cmnst, q h spst l fnzmnt d l mprs prvd; y l cnvncmnt gnrlzd d q l stcn d dsmpl sl s rslv cn nvrsns mprsrls. Pr l mprs s mrc ns bjtvs q ls cnsg mdnt l rlzcn d ss fncns y dtnds d dtrmnds mds q s rgnzn d n frm cncrt.

Pd dcrt q l mprs st cmpst pr dvrss lmnts, tn n strctr rgnztv, rlz ns fncns cncrts, y s mrc ns bjtvs q trt d cnsgr. Ls crctrstcs d l mprs sn:

- s n ndd d prdccn: y q xst n ccn plnd pr n sjt, l mprsr, y n strctr ntrn rgnztv ntr ss lmnts.

- s n ndd d dcsn, plnfccn y cntrl: pr ls bjtvs q s mrcn, ls fncns q dsrrlln pr cnsgrls y l rsg d l ctvdd mprsrl.

- s n ndd fnncr: pr s tnm fnncr y l rlcn q mntn cn l mrcd.

Pdms prxmrns l cncpt d mprs dsd dstnts pnts d vst:

Pnt d vst mcrcnmc: l mprs dsrrll n fncn prdccn n l q l prdct fnl s md tndnd l q s prdc y l q s gst n dch prdccn.

Pnt d vst mcrcnmc: l mprs gnr rqz q s md pr l vlr ñdd.

Pnt d vst d l Tr Gnrl d Sstms: n sstm st cnsttd pr lmnts d clqr tp y ls sbsstms q l ntgrn tnn ls msms prpdds q l sstm q ls cntn.

lgns dfncns sbr mprss l ncntrms n dvrss trs:

- Lncstr cncb l mprs cm l cntrl d l prdccn, cnsdrnd st cm td prcs q trnsfrm n bn n tr dstnt.

- Lpz Mrn cncb l mprs cm td ccn ncmnd hc l stsfccn d ls ncsdds.

- Bn Cmps cncb l mprs cm l ndd d prdccn dntr dl sstm cnmc.

md gnrl, pd dcrs q l mprs st cmpst pr n cnjnt d fctrs prdctvs cn ns rlcns cnmcs, jrdcs y sclgcs, crdnds mdnt n rgnzcn y cy bjtv s prdcr bns pr l mrcd cn l fn d mxmzr s fncn d tldd.

n l cnm d mrcd, l mprs dsmpñ n sr d fncns: cnsldcn dl sstm cnmc (bsd n l cncpt d mprs cm ndd d prdccn), sgncn d rcrss, y stsfccn d ncsdds (cm prvdr d bns y srvcs). L mprs db sr cpz d prdcr ls cmbs dl ntrn y stmr ls fcts q pd prdcr. S dfrnc ntr ntrn gnrc y ntrn spcfc:

- ntrn gnrc: st cmpst pr ls fctrs q dfnn ls rgls d jg y l mrc n q dsrrlln s ctvdd ls mprss. Dchs fctrs sn: sccltrls (nvl dctv), cnmcs (nflcn), pltcs (rlcns ntrncnls), lgls (lgslcn lbrl), y tcnlgcs.

- ntrn spcfc: st cmpst pr ls fctrs mdmbntls q fctn d frm cncrt mprss cn crctrstcs cmns. st ntrn s crctrz pr ls cmptdrs, ls cmprdrs, ls prvdrs y ls prdcts sstttvs.

Trdcnlmnt, ls lmnts d l mprs hn hch rfrnc ls fctrs prdctvs: trr (rcrss), cptl (bns) y trbj (mn d br). Pr vms dscrbr ls lmnts d l mprs dsd ds pnts d vst: dsd l sccnmc, y dsd l rgnztv.

Pnt d vst sc-cnmc: Cnsdr l mprs cm n rldd cnmc-scl. Cnsdr lmnts d l mprs ls sgnts:

l mprsr (drctr d l mprs), l fctr hmn (mplds), ptrmn (bns), ls rlcns pblcs, l prp rgnzcn (rdncn d ls fctrs prdctvs), l ntrn (l frmr prt l mprs d l), l tldd (bnfc pscn n l mrcd), y l tcnlg (ncsr pr cmptr n l mrcd).

Pnt d vst rgnztv: Cnsdr l mprs cm n sstm brt. Cnsdr lmnts d l mprs ls sgnts:

rcrss, trbj (trs d l mprs), drccn (ctvdd d crdncn d ls rcrss pr cnsgr ls bjtvs), clnts (cmprdrs d bns srvcs d l mprs), y ls prvdrs (smnstrdrs d bns srvcs l mprs).

Pr pdr plnfcr l ftr, rgnzr ls rcrss cntrlr ls rsltds n n mprs s ncsr mrcrs ns bjtvs. Pr cnsgrls s ncst dfnr l cm, cnd y qn: dfnnd ls pltcs, ls prcdmnts, ls nrms, ls prspsts y ls prgrms. (L mprtnc d dfnr ls bjtvs tr cnsg dvrss vntjs: srvn pr dtrmnr pltcs, rgls, prcdmnts y strtgs, pr nmr ls ndvds d l rgnzcn trbjr n n msm drccn; sn ncsrs pr l crdncn, dbn sr cmprndds pr tds, y prmtn n vlcn d l rgnzcn.) Trdcnlmnt, l bjtv d l mprs s smlb l dl mprsr. L tr ms mdrn l rspct l tr d L crcn d vlr, bsd n q l bjtv d l mprs s gnrr l mxm rqz pr tds ls q tnn ntrss n l msm, st s, mxmzr s vlr. Ls bjtvs dbn mrcrs tnnd n cnt l btnr ls mxms bnfcs, cnsgr n dsrrll cnmc y stbldd ntr ls rcrss hmns y l rst d fctrs.

4.1 lbrcn d ls bjtvs

Ls bjtvs gnrls d n mprs dbn lbrrs n trmns mpls y prmnnts pr cnsgr l prtcpcn d tds ls cmpnnts d l mprs. (Sgn l mprs, ls bjtvs srn vrbls, s n mprs prvd tndr crr vlr y lgns mprss pblcs bscrn l qlbr fnncr. S dfnn trs ctgrs d bjtvs:

? bjtvs rglrs d rtn: sn ls ncsrs pr l sprvvnc d l mprs (j: nfrm mnsl pr l Drccn Gnrl).

? bjtvs d slcn d prblms: csn l vlt l nrmldd cnd l stcn s h dsvd d l crrct.

? bjtvs d nnvcn mjr: prtn d l ncsdd d vnzr y xg crtvdd y nvls lvds d cpctcn tcnc.

Pr lbrr ls bjtvs, hy q tnr n cnt l mcrbjtv (l gnrl). (l mcrbjtv s bsr n bjtvs prtvs, bjtvs d prdctvdd, d nnvcn y bjtvs rlcnds cn l fctr hmn. Hy q tmr n cncnc clr d l q sn ls bjtvs, y frmlrls bjtvmnt.) Pr fjr bjtvs, hy q tnr n cnt q sts stn crdnds ntr s, q sn mbcss, dfcls y cmprmtds, pr lcnzbls y flxbls.

Pr ls clsfccns d ls mprss hy mchs crtrs:

pr s tmñ, pr l frm n q s tmn ls dcsns, pr l mrcd n q ctn, pr l nmr d prdcts q prdcn, pr l prpdd dl cptl, pr s frm jrdc; pr s tp d prdccn, pr l sctr cnmc n q s ncdrn, pr ls crtrs q s n l dprtmntlzcn, pr s mbt ggrfc, pr s dsrrll hstrc, ntr trs.

nlzrms lgns d lls:

Clsfccn d ls mprss pr s tmñ: Sgn st crtr, s hc n clsfccn tndnd l nmr d trbjdrs, cfrs d ngcs mbs:

Mcrmprss:mns d 10 trbjdrs y n vlmn d ngc y blnc gnrl gl nfrr 2 mllns d rs.

mprss pqñs: tn mns d 50 trbjdrs y n vlmn d ngc y blnc gnrl gl nfrr 10 mllns d rs.

mprss mdns: s cnsdr qll cn mns d 250 trbjdrs, n vlmn d ngc nl gl nfrr 50 mllns d rs y n blnc gnrl d 43 mllns mns.

mprss grnds: ls q rbsn ls cfrs d ls mprss mdns drnt ds ñs cnsctvs l mns.

Clsfccn d ls mprss pr l frm d tmr ls dcsns:

Pdn sr: mprss cntrlzds (s l pdr s cncntr n n prsn rgn d l mprs), mprss dscntrlzds (s l pdr st rprtd ntr dstnts rgns prsns d l mprs).

Clsfccn d ls mprss pr l sctr cnmc n q stn ncdrds: tndnd l sctr cnmc n q s ncntrn, pdnd sr: prmr, scndr, trcr.

Clsfccn d ls mprss pr l nmr d prdcts srvcs q prdcn: Pdn sr:

mnprdctrs (prdcn n sl bn srvc), mprss mltprdctrs (prdcn vrs bns srvcs).

Clsfccn d ls mprss sgn l prpdd dl cptl: Pdn sr: mprss pblcs: cnd l std prtcp cm sc myrtr n l cptl d l mprs.

mprss prvds: cnd l cptl st n mns prvds.

mprss mxts: cnd l std prtcp n l cptl, pr n myrtrmnt.

Clsfccn d ls mprss pr s frm jrdc: dsd l pnt d vst jrdc, s dfrnc ntr prsns fscs prsns jrdcs (scdds):

Prsn fsc: s l llmd mprs ndvdl, n l q l ptrmn mprsrl n st sprd dl ptrmn prsnl. N xst n cnt mnm n mxm d cptl, l rspnsbldd s lmtd, y l rgn sbrn s l prp mprsr, jrcnd l dmnstrcn y gstn d l mprs, s cm s ncrg d l cnfgrcn jrdc d l mprs.

Prsn jrdc scdd: ls scdds ncn mdnt l frmlzcn dl cntrt d scdd n scrtr pblc y dqr l prsnldd jrdc mdnt nscrpcn n l Rgstr Mrcntl, dqrnd fct l d d l nscrpcn. Hy vrs frms d cnsttcn d ls scdds: clctvs, cmndtrs smpls, cmndtrs pr ccns, nnms y d rspnsbldd lmtd, scdds cprtvs, y mtldds d sgr:

? Scdd clctv: st frmd pr 2 scs mnm q prtcpn n l gstn d l scdd y rspndn cn ss bns d frm lmtd. S cptl scl s lmtd.

? Scdd Cmndtr Smpl: tn ds tps d scs: ls q rspndn lmtdmnt, y ls q rspndn cn l cptl q prtn l scdd. L dmnstrcn y gstn l llvn ls scs clctvs.

? Scdd Cmndtr pr ccns: s n mzcl d Scdd Cmndtr Smpl y S. Cptl mnm d 60 ml rs. Tn scs cm n l Scdd Cmndtr Smpl y scs cy cptl st rprsntd pr ccns. D l gstn s ncrgn ls scs clctvs.

? Scdds d rspnsbldd lmtd: Nº d scs lmtd, cptl mnm d 3000€, dvdd n prtcpcns. l rgn sbrn s l jnt d scs y l dmnstrcn y gstn pd hcrs mdnt dmnstrdr nc, dmnstrdrs q ctn d frm mncmnd mdnt cnsj d dmnstrcn. ? Scdd Lmtd Lbrl: db tnr mnm 3 scs trbjdrs pr tmp ndfnd sn q tngn ms dl 1/3 dl cptl scl.

? Scdd nnm: cptl mnm d 60 ml rs, nmr d scs lmtd. l rgn sbrn s l jnt gnrl d ccnsts y l dmnstrcn y gstn pd hcrs mdnt dmnstrdr nc, dmnstrdrs q ctn d frm mncmnd mdnt cnsj d dmnstrcn.

? Scdd nnm Lbrl: s l plc l msm q l S, sl q tn lgns lmtcns n cnt l prtcpcn d trbjdrs.

? Scdd Cprtv: xstn ds tps: ls d 1º grd, ntgrd pr prsns fscs, y ls d 2º grd, ntgrd pr ds ms cprtvs. Ls ms mprtnts sn ls d trbj scd. l nmr mnm d scs s 3. l rgn sbrn s l smbl d scs y l dmnstrcn l dsmpñ l cnsj rctr d l cprtv.

? Mtldds sgrdrs: tnn sttt jrdc prp y rlzn sgrs d prm fj. ? Scdds d grnt rcprcs: ls scs sn mprsrs q crn l scdd pr prstr grnts pr l fnnccn xtrn q pdn ncstr ls mprsrs scds.

Ls rs fncnls d l mprs sn ls d prdccn tcnc, ls d mrktng cmrcl, ls fnncrs:

? Fncn d prdccn tcnc: s ncrg d fbrcr ls prdcts srvcs d l mprs. Rlz l prcs d trnsfrmcn pr l btncn dl tpt q h d pnr n l mrcd. s prcs d trnsfrmcn s llm prcs prdctv. n l rgnzcn d l prdccn, hy dvrss tndncs: cldd ttl, jst n tm (prdcr l dcd n l tmp prcs), Ttl Mnfctrng Mngmnt (mxm prtcpcn d ls trbjdrs cn n sstm my flxbl), y crcls d cldd (grpcn d trbjdrs pr qps, ncrgnds cd n d n cs).

? Fncn d mrktng cmrcl: gltn tds ls trs rlcnds cn l vnt d ls prdcts srvcs q prdc l mprs. Ls trs srn: nvstgcn d mrcds, pblcdd, vnts, dstrbcn y srvc d tncn l clnt. L fncn d mrktng db dsñrs n fncn d ls ncsdds y dss dl mrcd.

? Fncn fnncr: s bjtv s prprcnr l dnr ncsr n l mmnt ncsr y cn l mnr cst psbl. Dbr hcrs n std d ls fljs d ntrds y slds d dnr y prvrs n q mmnt s v ncstr dnr v hbr xcdnts.

L mprs cmpl n ppl cnmc y n ppl scl. Pr cnsgr ss bjtvs, dbr dptrs ls cndcns dl cntxt. bjtvs y lmnts n sn ds css ncnxs n n mprs, y q pr mrcr ls bjtvs, hy q dfnr ls lmnts cn ls q s cntn y dtrls d n strctr rgnztv y dtrl d n cnfgrcn jrdc dtrmnd. n s strctr, l mprs dspndr d ns rs fncnls q dfnn ls fncns dntr d l msm y s llvn cb pr pnr bns y srvcs n n mrcd cmpttv n ls mjrs cndcns. Tmbn xstn rs rgnztvs.

6.1 l prncp d jrrq&ct; nrmtv

l prncp d jrrq&ct; nrmtv s n pstld b&ct;sc d l sgrdd jr&ct;dc, trv&ct;s dl q s stblc q ls nrms nfrrs n pdr&ct;n cntrdcr l dspst n ls d rng sprr. L rdnc&ct;n jr&ct;rqc n fnc&ct;n d s rng s l sgnt: 1. Dspscns drctmnt plcbls dl Drch Cmntr. 2. L Cnsttc&ct;n sp&ntld;l d 1978. 3. Ls trtds ntrncnls pblcds fclmnt. 4. Nrms cn rng d ly. 5. Rglmnts. 6. Cnvns clctvs. 7. Cstmbrs lcls y prfsnls. 8. Prncps gnrls dl Drch. Ls dspscns tn&ct;mcs n s ncntrn n st rdn jr&ct;rqc gnrl y q sl sn sbrns n s trrtr. 6.2 Prncps d rdnc&ct;n jr&ct;rqc n l rdn lbrl Dntr d l rdnc&ct;n jr&ct;rqc, hy ds prncps: l prncp d nrm m&ct;s fvrbl y l prncp d cndc&ct;n m&ct;s bnfcs. Prncp d nrm m&ct;s fvrbl: l prncp d nrm m&ct;s fvrbl prc n l TRT, n l q s stblc q ls cnflcts rgnds ntr ls prcpts d ds m&ct;s nrms lbrls s rslvr&ct;n mdnt l plcc&ct;n d l nrm m&ct;s fvrbl pr l trbjdr prcd n s cnjnt. Pr dlmtr s cmp d ctc&ct;n, s ncsr n n&ct;lss d ls dfrnts cnflcts nrmtvs q pdn prdcrs: Ls dvrgncs ntr ls nrms ntrncnls y cmntrs y ls nrms ntrns s rslvr&ct;n plcnd l nrm m&ct;s fvrbl. Ls rlcns ntr ls nrms sttls y ls cnvns clctvs. n cs d cncrrnc d cnvns clctvs stttrs, ls rgnzcns sndcls y ls sccns mprsrls m&ct;s rprsnttvs pdr&ct;n stblcr cl&ct;sls sbr l strctr d l ngcc&ct;n clctv (lbrnd rgls pr rslvr ls cnflcts d cncrrnc ntr cnvns d dstnt &ct;mbt). ntr cnvns xtrttrs, n pd drs cncrrnc y q tnn fcc &ct;ncmnt cntrctl (n ls cntrts). S l cnflct s ntr n cnvn clctv stttr y tr xtrstttr, s plc l cnvn m&ct;s fvrbl pr l trbjdr. (n l ntrprtc&ct;n y plcc&ct;n d ls Cnvns Clctvs, s pdr&ct;n smtr ls cnflcts sstms d mdc&ct;n q stblzcn ls prps cnvns ls crds ntrcnfdrls d &ct;mbt sttl tn&ct;mc. l prcs d ngcc&ct;n clctv trg n ppl cntrl ls prcss d mdc&ct;n, rbtrj y cnclc&ct;n n td s dsrrll. D hch, s stblc&ct; cm plz l 30 d jn d 2012 pr q ls rgnzcns mprsrls y sndcls m&ct;s rprsnttvs nvl sttl y tn&ct;mc psrn n mrch ls nctvs ncsrs pr crr dptr prcdmnts d ngcc&ct;n clctv.) n vz plntd l psbl cnflct nrmtv, hy q vrgr c&ct;l s l nrm q mrc l clfcc&ct;n d m&ct;s fvrbl. n st rspct, hy ds slcns: 1. Rlzr n cmprc&ct;n prcl nl&ct;tc, cmprnd grps hmg&ct;ns d mtrs, plcnd l nrm m&ct;s fvrbl n s mtr. 2. Rlzr n cmprc&ct;n glbl d mbs nrms, plcnd l m&ct;s fvrbl n s cnjnt, nq n s l m&ct;s fvrbl cn rspct l mtr cncrt. Prncp d cndc&ct;n m&ct;s bnfcs: n bs st prncp, s grntz ls trbjdrs ss stcns prsnls m&ct;s fvrbls mdnt l mntnmnt d ls drchs dqrds pr l trbjdr. &ct;sts sn: Ls drchs dqrds rltvs l cntrt d trbj ndvdl. Ls drchs dqrds pr cncs&ct;n nltrl dl mprsr. Ls drchs dqrds pr ls cnvns xtrstttrs. Sg&ct;n bndnt dctrn jrsprdncl, st prncp n sr&ct; plcbl ls cndcns m&ct;s bnfcss rcncds pr nrms sttls cnvncnls q sn ssttds pr trs d cntnd nfrr drgds. nq sn l&ct;cts ls cl&ct;sls d grnt&ct; d prsnm, q grntzn l rspt ls stcns prsnls q, n s cnjnt, fsn sprrs ls stblcds n l nv cnvn.

Tds ncstms l yd d trs prsns pr dsnvlvrns n l vd, y s prtncms dstnts grps pr dfrnts mtvs y cn mts dsprs, frmnd prt d l ntrccn scl .

l lrg d nstr vd prtncms dstnts grps y ns cmprtms d dstnt md pr l prtnnc lls .

D h l ntrs dsprtd dsd dstnts dscplns, prncplmnt dsd l psclg cys rsltds s hn plcd dfrnts cmps, ntr lls l mprs y l scl .

l cncpt d ldrzg s n d ls vrbls ms stdds n ls cncs scls, dd l grn nflnc q jrc sbr tds ls spcts prsnts n n rgnzcn mprsrl.

Ls drctvs fcnts sn, pr l mprs, l rcrs ms vls, l tmp q l ms scs. Pr ll, cmprndr cm s dsrrlln y ctn ls ldrs s n tm fndmntl n dstnts mbts plcds ls rgnzcns. Rslt mprscndbl cncr y stdr tds ls spcts rlcnds cn l ldrzg pr ptncr y dsrrllr ss hbldds tn prcds.

Td std tn ptstd pr crr s prp nrmtv. Ls dvrss stds q frmn l cmndd ntrncnl stblcn mcnsms d rlcn ntr lls, mcnsms q prcsn d nrms jrdcs q clrfqn y rdnn ss rlcns.
l pnrm lgsltv spñl st frmd pr: s prp nrmtv d crcn ntrn, pr l Drch Cmntr rp, pr ls trtds y nrms q rgln ls rlcns ntr spñ y trs stds d l cmndd ntrncnl, y pr ls trtds lbrds pr rgnzcns ntrncnls d ls q spñ frm prt.

l trbj n grp prmt dptr dcsns y llgr cnclsns ms rcs q qlls q sn prdct dl pnsmnt ndvdl, dms mnt l cldd d ls dcsns d l drccn mdnt l xprnc ntlgnc clctv y dsmny l ncrtdmbr y l rsg qvcrs n st tm d dcsns.

¿Pr q trbjms ls prsns? ¿Pr q rzn trbjn ncls qlls prsns q n ncstrn hcrl pr vvr? ¿Pr q ns prsns s sfrzn ms y trs mns n s trbj? ¿Q s l q ns mv lgr n trbj y n tr? ¿Q ns mpls cmbr d trbj?

sts y trs mchs prgnts hn sd lrgmnt dbtds n nstr scdd, sbr td pr ls psclgs dl trbj. Tl vz, prq dscbrnd ls rspsts, ls rgnzcns cnsgrn lcnzr ms fczmnt ss bjtvs, mntnd l rndmnt d ss trbjdrs, frnnd l bsntsm y l rtcn y mjrnd l clm lbrl.

l Drch dl Trbj s n rm tnm dl rdnmnt jrdc cy bjtv s l rglcn d ls rlcns lbrls. Dsd ss rgns, l Lgslcn Lbrl ps n vccn hmntr cn bjt d lgrr l dgnfccn d ls cndcns d trbj d n grn sctr d l pblcn.

l Drch dl Trbj srg cm rm tnm dl rdnmnt jrdc pr l nsfcnc dl Drch Cvl pr rglr ls rlcns lbrls. l cntrt d prstcn d srvcs s cstnd l hr d rtclr l nrmtv ntr ls sjts d l rlcn lbrl: trbjdrs y mprsrs. l Drch dl Trbj s ncrg d dlmtr ls frntrs jrdcs ntr mbs, rglnd ss drchs y grnts, tnt ndvdls cm clctvs.

l Drch dl Trbj srg cm rm tnm dl rdnmnt jrdc pr l nsfcnc dl Drch Cvl pr rglr ls rlcns lbrls. l cntrt d prstcn d srvcs s cstnd l hr d rtclr l nrmtv ntr ls sjts d l rlcn lbrl: trbjdrs y mprsrs. l Drch dl Trbj s ncrg d dlmtr ls frntrs jrdcs ntr mbs, rglnd ss drchs y grnts, tnt ndvdls cm clctvs.

Dntr dl cntrt d trbj, hy dstnts mdldds pr fctrs dvrss (tmp, cs, fnldd, lgr…) q xgn dptcns d l nrmtv d crctr gnrl dl cnsdrd cntrt rdnr. L cndcn fmnn ncd n l trbj pr l dscrmncn sfrd l lrg d l hstr, s prtnd n gldd ntr hmbrs y mjrs. Ls mnrs tmbn tnn n rglcn pr ntrr n l mnd lbrl.

n rlcn ls xtrnjrs, pr ls mvmnts mgrtrs, s h ncstd rglr ls cndcns d trbj d ls msms. smsm, l crcn d gncs d clccn prvds, y mprss d trbj tmprl s hn hch ncsrs pr prmvr l crcn d mpl.

l cntrt d trbj s n ngc jrdc bltrl cy fnldd s l crcn d n rlcn jrdc lbrl, n l q n prt d n srvc y l tr n rmnrcn. n s rlcn, mbs prts tnn n sr d drchs y blgcns q dbn llvrs cb n l mdd y cn ls lmts lgls y cnvncnls stblcds. l mprsr, pr ll, tndr n sr d pdrs.

L rlcn jrdc lbrl st cnsttd pr l cmb cntnd ntr n prstcn d trbj dpndnt y pr cnt jn y n prstcn slrl. st rlcn pd tnr n drcn dtrmnd ndfnd. l fctr tmprl tn n spcl rlvnc, mnfstnds n nmrss spcts: l prncp d “cnsrvcn dl ngc” (l rsstnc d l rlcn xtngrs), l tplg dl cntrt d trbj, l cntndd, spcts dl sttt jrdc dl trbjdr (cm l ntgdd, ls scnss, ndmnzcns…), l rtrbcn, l jrnd, ls tmps d dscns, tctr.

l mprsr db rtrbr l trbjdr pr ss srvcs cn l pg dl slr. L nrmtv vgnt hc ntndr l ntrvncn dl std n l rglcn d l mtr y l prtccn dl msm. Ls pdrs pblcs dbrn stblcr n mnm slrl d crctr ntrprfsnl pr q, cn s cnt, l trbjdr pd grntzr ss ncsdds vtls, y pr lgrr n strctr y tcnc slrl dcd ls crctrstcs dl sctr mprsrl.

L rlcn jrdc lbrl ncd dl CT cnsst n n cmb ntr n prstcn d trbj dpndnt y pr cnt jn, rlzd pr l trbjdr, y n prstcn slrl pr prt dl mprsr. n l rtrbcn slrl, ntrn dvrss cmpnnts, clcls d cnt dstnts, rgns dvrss pr ls cndcns prsnls… q, n sm, cnsttyn l rtrbcn fnl slrl q db prcbr l trbjdr. S tndrn n cnt dvrss spcts: pclrdds dl prcs prdctv, dvsn dl trbj, cndcns prsnls dl trbjdr… blgnd clclr l slr d ls trbjdrs d frm ndvdlzd.

l Drch Sndcl s l prt dl Drch dl Trbj q s ncrg d rglr ls rlcns clctvs d trbj q s gnrn ntr ls mprsrs y ls trbjdrs rgnzds cm clctvs (s cr pr lchr pr mjrs cndcns d vd d ls trbjdrs). Rgl l prtcpcn d ls trbjdrs n l mprs y trs spcts d l vd lbrl cm: l drch d rnn lbrtd sndcl, ntr trs. l prp drch h rgld lgns d ls sstms d prtcpcn d ls trbjdrs n l mprs.

Ls sndcts sn n nsttcn cys fncns bscs sn mjrr ls cndcns d vd d ls trbjdrs, l rprsntcn d sts y l fncn cm gnt scl q prtcp n l ngccn clctv fjnd, jnt ls mprsrs, cndcns lbrls mnms.

n dvrss prts dl mnd, n s sg lchnd pr l drch d lbrtd sndcl. n spñ, nstr C rcnc l drch l lbrtd sndcl cm Drch Fndmntl d l prsn y gz d prtccn.

L ngccn clctv s n drch vncld l mnd lbrl d crctr clctv, y q sn ls rprsntnts d ls trbjs ls q hn d ngcr ls cnvns (q tndrn fcc clctv). S stn ls ntcdnts dl Cnvn Clctv (CC) n l sgl XV, dfrncnds trs tps: l prmr, cnsdrd l CC cm n mr crd nfrml, l sgnd, cm n cntrt cvl cn fcc ntr ls prts q l pctn, y l trcr spn l rcncmnt fctv d ls fcts nrmtvs dl cnvn (trs l 1º G. Mndl, dqrnd mprtnc l lbr d l T).

Drnt l pc frnqst, n spñ s rgl cs n s ttldd l rlcn lbrl y s prmlg l Ly d CC Sndcls. L tmbn h rcgd l drch d ngccn y ccn clctv d trbjdrs y mprsrs.

l cntrt d trbj s n ngc jrdc bltrl cy fnldd s l crcn d n rlcn jrdc lbrl, n l q n prt d n srvc y l tr n rmnrcn. Y q l cntrt s prlng n l tmp, pd sfrr lgns mdfccns, rltvs bn : ls lmnts bjtvs (cmb d jrnd, d lgr, mjrs slrls…) ls sjts dl cntrt (l trbjdr nnc pd sr ssttd, pr l mprsr s, bn pr crd nvtr ntr ls cntrtnts pr sbrgcn lgl).

l cntrt d trbj s n ngc jrdc bltrl cy fnldd s l crcn d n rlcn jrdc lbrl, n l q n prt d n srvc y l tr n rmnrcn. st cntrt pd vrs nfld pr css y cntcmnts q llvn mdfcr s cntnd, sspndrl ncls xtngr l rlcn lbrl.

n l mnd lbrl, s h dsrrlld l prncp d stbldd n l mpl pr q ls trbjdrs tngn crt stbldd n l msm. Cn ll, l std qr grntzr l jrcc dl drch l trbj pr l mprtnc q tn pr tds.

l Drch dl Trbj dtrmnr ls rgls spcfcs d rslcn d cnflcts n l r lbrl. n st, mprsrs y trbjdrs smpr s hn vst nfrntds. Pr ll, l lgsldr h lbrd dvrss rgls pr l rslcn d ss dfrncs.

n st cntxt, ls prcdmnts d slcn d cnflcts s clsfcn n ds grps: ls d tcmpscn (n ls q ntrvnn sl ls prts, j: cnclcn y mdcn), y ls d htrcmpscn (n ls q ntrvn n trcr, j: l slcn dmnstrtv y l jdcl).

l dsrrll d l rlcn lbrl ntr l mprsr y l trbjdr n st xnt d cnflcts. lgns cndcns d trbj gnrn stcns d dvrs ndl, tnnd q ngcr mbs prts. vcs st ngccn s fld y pcfc, pr trs vcs n llgn crd y cnfrntn mbs prts.

Ls cnflcts clctvs d trbj ltrn l pz scl, y q nfrntn ds grps scls (mprsrs y trbjdrs). L hlg s l mnfstcn ms clr dl cnflct clctv q, n csns, v cmpñd d ltrcns scls, prtsts ncls ccns vlnts. Pr ll, s prcsn mcnsms pr s rslcn.

n l trnscrs d l vd, ls srs hmns stn xpsts n sr d rsgs scls. nt ll, l std, h rtcld tcncs q cnsttyn l ctl Sstm d l Sgrdd Scl, dstnd grntzr ls sjts prtgds l sstnc y prstcns ncsrs nt ls stcns d ncsdd drvds d ls rsgs scls sgrds.

l std db rtclr ls tcncs ncsrs pr grntzr ls sjts prtgds l sstnc y prstcns prtnnts nt ls stcns d ncsdd drvds d ls rsgs scls sgrds. st cnjnt d mdds cnsttyn l mbt d l ccn prtctr dl Sstm d l SS.

Nrmlmnt, scms cnm hrr. s, dcms q lgn s cnmc cnd s hrrdr y q lg s cnmc cnd s brt. L dmnstrcn d ls rcrss h hch q l cnc cnmc dqr rlvnc. l sr hmn tn l ncsdd d rlzr ctvdds q gnrn rqz pr mjrr s cldd d vd, pr db lgr ntr dstnts ltrntvs, db prrzr tlznd crtrs cnmcsts pr tmr n dcsn.

Tds sts dcsns hy q hcrls cn ns crtrs cncrts, n fncn d ns bjtvs, dss y gsts. st mplc l cncmnt d ls fnmns cnmcs, stblcr trs sbr s fncnmnt y dsrrllr l lccn d mtds pr stdr ss fnmns, cnsdrnd l cnm cm n cnc.

l hblr d sstms cnmcs, smpr s h dfrncd ntr cptlsm y sclsm. n l ctldd, s dbn dntfcr ls vrbls q nflyn n n sstm cnmc y stblcr clsfccns l rspct.

L cnm d mrcd hy q ntndrl cm n cncpt n l q sn dstnts sstms cnmcs dfrncds pr trs vrbls, cm l fncnmnt dl sstm d prcs dntr d l cnm l ctcn d ls gnts cnmcs.

n l mrcd, ls prncpls frzs q ctn sn l frt y l dmnd, tnnd cd cmprdr y vnddr n ctcn tr n fncn d ss ntrss ndvdls. sts dcsns llvn l mrcd n qlbr q s rmp s n s cmpln ls rgls d lbr cmptnc.

l cnjnt d fncns ndvdls d dmnd n n mrcd ns d l fncn d dmnd ttl dmnd grgd, y l cnjnt d fncns ndvdls d frt d l fncn d frt ttl grgd. stblcr sts fncns y ss pts d ctcn rqr d n cntrstcn mprc.

n cnm, sln lbrrs mdls smpls d cmprtmnts sbr ls q s ñdn vrbls y q prmtn stdr l rldd cnmc, tlznd l stdstc cm sprt. L tr dl flj crclr d l rnt prt n d d cm crcln ls crrnts mntr y d bns n n cnm.

dms d cncr cm fncn l cnm, s ncsr mdrl, y ls Gbrns ncstn cncr dchs mdds pr tmr dcsns d pltc cnmc pr mjrr l rldd d ls cddns.

l cncpt pltc cnmc ld l ctcn pr prt dl std pr cnsgr n prgrs cnmc d ls ncns y d ls cddns, ntrvnnd n l prdccn, dstrbcn y cnsm. Tds ls gbrns trtn d cnsgr n prgrs cnmc, dfrncnds pr cnsgrl n: l mtd sgr, l grd d ntrvncn, y ls bjtvs prcls cnsgr.

L fncn dmnstrtv s l q s ncrg dl fncnmnt n l mprs. Bsc l prtcpcn y l ntgrcn d ls trbjdrs n l rslcn d ls prblms mprsrls, bscnd l mxm rndmnt n cd pst d trbj y n l prt drctv.

Drgr, dsd l pnt d vst cnmc, mplc ds fncns: rsgnr tds ls rcrss xstnts n l mprs, ncdr n ls cmprtmnts hmns d ls mmbrs d l mprs pr fvrcr l dsrrll d s trbj.

L mprs, pr dsrrllr s ctvdd, ncst dspnr d ns rcrss, q pdn sr: mtrls, hmns fnncrs. Ls rcrss fnncrs sn ls ncsdds d dnr q tn l mprs. l std d ls fnnzs srg pr ls prmrs cncntrcns y fsns d mprss q hc q s lncn l mrcd dvrss ccns y blgcns. Pr, pr q l fncn fnncr d l mprs dsrrll s ctvdd d frm fcnt, s ncsr mrcr ns bjtvs, q stdn l ntrn y ls csts pr l mprs.

L rslcn d prblms y tm d dcsns s n prblm q l crrspnd rslvr l dprtmnt drccn gnrl d n mprs. L vglnc y ctcn prtnnt d tds ls mbts hrn q l rsg d q l prblm nfly n l mprs s mnr. Hy q rcncr q n xstn mprsrs dfnsrs d q ls prblms n xstn pr tmr tmr dcsns.

Sn mbrg, hy mprss rntds hc l ccn nmdt, n l q nd s nlz y td s mprvs, rlznds n jstfccn cnd td h frcsd.

L crctrstc prncpl d l dm. d l mprs s l d cnvrtr l nfrmcn n ccn mdnt l tm d dcsns. s, l rlcn nfrmcn-dcsn-ccn rprsnt l j cntrc d td sstm d drccn. L tm d dcsns s cnsdr cm l lccn rcnl ntr dvrss pcns pr cnsgr n bjtv.

Pr tnr s rcnldd bslt n s frcnt, sbr td n rgnzcns, dd l mpsbldd d tmr dcsns cn fcts sbr l psd, y q ls dcsns dbn bsrs sbr l ftr, q sl cnllvr crt ncrtdmbr. L dm. d n mprs db cnfrmrs cn lmtcns d nfrmcn, tmp y crtdmbr q rstrngn l rcnldd.

l prcs d tm d dcsns

l prcs d tm d dcsns tn ctr fss: dntfccn, dbj, lccn, y rvsn:

<>dntfccn: s ncst dntfcr l prblm, pr ll, s nlz l ntrn y l prp rgnzcn pr btnr l mxm nfrmcn psbl.

<>Dbj: s l gnrcn, dsrrll y nlss d ls dstnts pcns plntds q pdn rslvr l prblm. sts pcns rspndn ds prncps: xclsvdd (scgr n lmn l rst), y xhstvdd.

<>lccn: s dbr lgr n d ls pcns plntds, rlznd n nlss y vlcn d ls msms n bs ls rsltds q pdn tnr.

<>Rvsn: n st, s vln ls rsltds lcnzds cn l dcsn tmd.

2vlcn d rsgs y strtgs

Ls lmnts dl prblm d dcsn sn:

<>strtgs: sn plns d ctcn cndcnds y cmpsts pr vrbls cntrlbls.

<>stds dl ntrn: sn stcns psbls q pd prsntr l ntrn mrcd n l q ct l mprs.

<>Rsltds sprds: sn ls dsnlcs stmds cnscnc d ls fcts d cd strtg rspct ls stds psbls dl ntrn.

<>Prdccns sbr l ntrn: s l stmcn d q s prsnt cd n d ls stds dl ntrn.

<>Crtr d dcsn: s n md d slccnr l strtg n fncn d ls bjtvs prvsts.

n fncn dl cncmnt sbr ls stds dl ntrn d l ntrlz, s pdn dr ctr clss d stcns d dcsn:

<>mbnt d crtz: s tn l nfrmcn prfct sbr ls stds dl ntrn.

<>mbnt d rsg: s sb q s pd prsntr y l prbbldd d q scd.

<>mbnt d ncrtdmbr strctrd: s cncn ls psbls stds, pr n l prbbldd d q crrn.

<>mbnt d ncrtdmbr n strctrd: n s cncn ls stds psbls.

<>mbnt d cmptnc: ls dsnlcs sn cnscnc d l ccn d ds ms sjts cn ntrss n cnflct.

n fncn dl mbnt d dcsn n l q s db tmr n dcsn, l vlcn d ls rsgs y strtgs srn dstnts. S dstngn:

<>mbnt d crtz: sl mplr mtds mtmtcs. s, s ct cn fcnc y fctvdd n stcns cncrts.

<>mbnt d rsg: l cncr ls prbbldds scds ls psbls stds dl ntrn, l sjt s nfrnt n stcn d rsg. plcr st crtr mplc cptr crts hptss rspct dl cmprtmnt dl gnt n rlcn l rsg.

<>mbnt d ncrtdmbr strctrd: n st cs, l dcsn llv crt crg sbjtv. Hy vrs crtrs l rspct:

Crtr d Lplc: spn q nt l gnrnc d ls prbbldds d q scd n xt, s spn n qprbbldd d ls msms.

Crtr ptmst: n st, l gnt dcsr lgr l ltrntv q frzc l rsltd ms fvrbl, cptnd ss rsgs.

Crtr psmst (Wld): prt d l cnsdrcn d n gnt prdnt y cn mch vrsn l rsg, pr l q cr q sr prsntd l std ms dsfvrbl.

Crtr d ptmsm prcl (Hrwcz): cnsdr q l gnt s mv n n ntrvl d rsltds pr l q plc n cfcnt d ptmsm sbr l prmr, y n d psmsm sbr l sgnd rsltd.

Crtr d Svg: cnsst n q: s s v prdr s s, mjr n hcr nd.

<>mbnt d ncrtdmbr n strctrd: l str n n mbnt cys stds dl ntrn s dscncn, s sl rcrrr l ntcn bscr ms nfrmcn sbr l prblm nlzr.

<>mbnt d cmptnc: pdn prsntrs ds cnflcts: n pr (dnd ls gnncs d n sjt sn ls prdds d tr), y n mxt y d cprcn (dnd ls gnts pdn cprr pr cnsgr rsltds glbls).

l bjtv d td prcs d cmnccn s trnsmtr lg. Pr ll, s mprtnt q l msr sp trnsmtr l mnsj y l rcptr prcbrl. l mnsj st rlcnd cn ls crctrstcs dl cnl sd pr s trnsmsn.

l s dl mnsj y md dcd n grntz q l mnsj llg prfctmnt s dstntr, y q pd xstr l llmd “rd” q hg q l mnsj n llg, q llg n prt, bn q llg rrnmnt s dstntr.

st prcs d cmnccn pd trnsprtrs l prcs d cmnccn d l mprs, tnt ntr ss lmnts cm cn l ntrn.

Cnd srg n cnflct ntr vrs prsns, s pd: tcr mtmnt, ngcr. S ngcms, pd xstr ds ltrntvs: n d cstg, mntnnd cn l cntrr n cttd hstl mns q s hg l q n qr, bn n d rcmpns, llgnd mbs n crd n l q mbs prts gnn n crt md

l xt d n mprs dpnd d ncntrr clnts q qrn cmprr ss prdcts cntrtr ss ctvdds pr stsfcr n ncsdd. l mrktng s cntr n l mrcd y l vnt.

l nsttt d Mrktng dfn l mrktng cm l prcs mprsrl q srv pr dntfcr, prvr y stsfcr ls ncsdds dl clnt y btnr n bnfc. (l mrktng scl prcr vndr ms y dnr prt d ls bnfcs l dfns d n vlr cn l q pd dntfcrs l myr d ls clnts).

ctlmnt, mchs mprss qrn hcr vr q sn snsbls ls ncsdds y prblms d l scdd, pr hy q tnr cdd cn st prq n smpr s pd crtr. D frm smlr crr cn ls sndcts, prtds pltcs, dprtmnts gbrnmntls, ntr trs.

Pr l gstn y tm d dcsns n l mprs, s ncsr tnr l nfrmcn prcs, q s fbl y rflj l stcn rl d l mprs. Pr ll, y pr mtv s vz d nrmtv lgl, s rlzn y cmplmntn n dcmntcn xplct.

Td mprs rlz n ctvdd d trnsfrmcn n l q gnr vlr, pr ll tlz ns rcrss, s l q s ntnd cm l fncnmnt d l mprs. L mprs ncst d n ptrmn ncl q s trnsfrm l lrg d s vd cm mprs.

Y tmbn ncst vlr s pscn pr pdr tmr dcsns q l prmtn mntnr mjrr s stcn, tnt ntrn (csts), cm xtrn (d cr l mrcd). Pr dtrmnr s vlcn, s tlzn lgns hrrmnts cm ls rts cnmcs y fnncrs, nlznds n s cnjnt jnt cn trs fctrs d l mprs.

L crcn d n pqñ mprs pd sr csd pr n ncsdd pr n ds. vcs trs n lrg tmp dsmpld, sl ptrs pr l tmpl, crnd pqñs mprss. n trs csns, l crctr mprnddr d l prsn hc q llv l prctc ss ds d ngc. L crcn d n mprs rqr n d, plnfccn, vlrcn, mds…

Ls dfncns d grp sn vrdsms , y s psbl q nngn d lls cntng n s ttldd l rldd scl q s scnd bj tls cnstrccns scls .

Shfrs cncrt l dfncn d grp rgnzndl n trn l tr "n grp scl cnst d n dtrmnd nmr d mmbrs , qns pr lcnzr n bjtv cmn, s nscrbn drnt n prd d tmp prlngd n n prcs rltvmnt cntn d cmnccn ntrccn y dsrrlln n sntmnt d sldrdd. Pr lcnzr l bjtv d grp y l stbldd d l ctvdd grpl sn ncsrs n sstm d nrms cmns y n dstrbcn d trs sgn n dfrnccn d rls spcfc d cd grp ".

Ls dfncns d grp pdn grprs n trn trs fctrs :

) L dntdd scl cmprtd .

b) L ntrdpndnc ntr ls mmbrs dl grp .

c) L strctr scl y d rls q s gnr dntr dl grp .

.-dntdd Scl Cmprtd

xst n dntdd scl cmprtd cnd n sr d prsns s cnsdrn prt d n grp. L nrml s q l dntdd scl cmprtd s vy crnd prtr d ls ntrccns ntr ls mmbrs dl grp (pr jmpl, n n grp d trbj ).

b.-L ntrdpndnc ntr ls mmbrs dl grp

str cnsttd pr "n cnjnt d prsns q ntrctn d frm rglr, tnn vncls fctvs, cmprtn n mrc d rfrnc cmn y sn ntrdpndnts cndctlmnt " (Lvn y Mrlnd, 1994).

c.-L strctr scl y d rls q s gnr dntr dl grp

Cbr dfnr n grp cm "n sstm rgnzd d ds ms ndvds q llvn cb lgn fncn, rlcns d rl ntr ss mmbrs y n cnjnt d nrms q rgln l fncn " (Shw, 1976)

n sstm s n cnjnt d rgls prncps sbr n mtr rldd nlzds ntr s, q cntrbyn rdndmnt n dtrmnd fn.

l rndmnt d n sstm dpnd fndmntlmnt d ls sgnts cstns:

1. D l frm n q ls prts s ntrccnn , s cmbnn y fncnn jnts, ms q d l frm n q ctn sldmnt.

2. D s rlcn cn l md xtrr (sstm ms mpl dl cl frm prt) y cn ls trs sstms d dch md.

Ls prncpls crctrstcs d l mprs cm sstm sn:
- s n sstm brt , st s, n sstm q s ntrrlcn cn s ntrn.
- S prdc n snrg q hc q mnfst crctrstcs y frms d cmprtmnt q n sn trbbls nngn d ss lmnts sbsstms q l frmn.
- s n sstm glbl, clqr nflnc sbr n d ss lmnts sbsstms rprct sbr ls dms y sbr l cnjnt dl sstm.

- s n sstm trrgld . l prp sstm s dpt y cntrl pr mntnr n qlbr dnmc.

n clqr mprs s psbl dstngr dstnts tps d sbsstms ntrdpndnts, q sn ls sgnts:

1. l sbsstm cnmc : fj ls bjtvs mprsrls y cnstty l sstm d drccn d l mprs.

2. l sbsstm tcnc : cnsst n ls mds y prcdmnts d prdccn ncsrs pr q l prcs prdctv s psbl.

3. l sbsstm scl : frmd pr tds ls ndvds q frmn l plntll d l mprs.

n Psclg, l trmn dfn l pttd pr ctr cm smbl d l cls d ccn d pnsmnt, q prmt stsfcr ls ncsdds dss dl grp.

n cmb, n Sclg s l rt d ncmnr ls nrgs d n grp hc n ccn pnsmnts stsfctrs.

l lrg d l Hstr h prvlcd l prgnt: ¿Ls ldrs ncn s hcn?, s dcr, ¿sr «ldr» s lg nnt s prnd? st h sd fnt d dscsn y plmc, l cl tdv n h sd stsfctrmnt rslt. Pr rspndr st prgnt pdms ntrprtr y nlzr l ldrzg dsd ds prspctvs:

- Cm cldd prsnl dl ldr rsg d prsnldd.

- Cm n fncn dntr d n rgnzcn, cmndd scdd.

S bn n n nc l ldrzg s dfn prfrntmnt bj st prmr prspctv, n l ctldd, grcs nvstgcns n l cmp d l tr d ls rgnzcns, tnd cd vz ms prdmnr l cncpcn dl ldrzg cm n fncn dntr d ls rgnzcns y l scdd.

n ls lbrs d l Hstr l cncpt d trdd stb rdd pr n r mgc-rlgs. l ldr r cncbd cm n sr sprr l rst d ls mmbrs dl grp, cn trbts spcls. n ndvd, l dmstrr s sprrdd nt l cmndd, s cnvrt n l ldr. S cnsdrb q sts pdrs trbts spcls s trnsmtn blgcmnt d pdr hj r n dn d ls dss, s dcr, ncn cn lls.

Sn mbrg, n ntncs, s bsc trvs d l trnsmsn d cncmnts y hbldds crr ldrs.

Drnt mch tmp s h prtndd dfnr y mdr ls rsgs y ls hbldds d ls ldrs; sn mbrg, n s h lgrd hst hr n cnsns l rspct. Ls lsts y ls xplccns sn my dvrss, mpls y htrgns. sts lstds rfljn, ms q ls crctrstcs vrddrs d n ldr, ls vlrs prvlnts n l scdd l mgn dl ldr dl.

Y nq ctlmnt y n s pns q sts hbldds sn sprntrls, s s cpt q ls ldrs psn sts n myr grd.

D hch, ls prncpls stds sbr l ldrzg sñln q ls ldrs tndn sr ms brllnts, tnn mjr crtr, ntrctn ms, trbjn bn bj tnsn, tmn dcsns, tndn tmr l mnd l cntrl y s sntn sgrs d s msms.

Ls rlcns jrdcs ntr pss h xstd dsd l ntgdd pr drnt l sgl XX s dsrrll n mprtnt cmb n ls rlcns ntr stds, pr ls cnscncs d l Prmr y l Sgnd Grr Mndl. Ls crctrstcs ms mprtnts dl Drch ntrncnl (D) n l ctldd sn:
- Bsqd d l cprcn ntr stds, sn mrmr s sbrn.
- xclsn dl s d l frz cm prncp bsc d l rlcn pr
dsrrllr ns rlcns stbls ntr stds.
- l D s hr n drch q rg ls rlcns ntr stds, y ntr stds y rgnzcns ntrncnls.
- l D mpz tnr nrmtv n mtr scl.
- Ls nvs stds srgds trs l dsclnzcn rclmn n D q tng
prsnt s dsvntj nvl cnmc y tcnc.
n mtr lbrl, ls ntcdnts hstrcs d l ntrncnlzcn dl drch s ncntrn mdds dl sgl XX, dnd s dsrrlln dvrss cnfrncs (cm l Cnfrnc d Brln 1890, y l Cngrs d Prs n 1900) q trtn cm prncpl prblm l stcn d ls trbjdrs.
L ntrncnlzcn dl Drch dl Trbj s drv fndmntlmnt d ds hchs: d l ncsdd d fjr nrms pr mjrr ls cndcns lbrls y d vd d ls trbjdrs, y d l ncsdd d rglr ls prblms drvds d l mgrcn. S dfrncn ds blqs n l D dl Trbj:
1. l D Pblc dl Trbj: rgl ls nrms d ls rlcns ntr ls stds n mtr lbrl y d SS.
2. l D Prvd dl Trbj: rgl ls nrms d ls rlcns d trbj cnd n sts ntrvn n fctr xtrnjr.

S pd dfnr l qp d trbj cm: “n Nmr rdcd d prsns cn cpcdds cmplmntrs, cmprmtds cn n prpst, n bjtv d trbj y ns plntmnts cmns y cn rspnsbldd mt cmprtd”.

Pr s mplmntcn s rqr:

.-Ls rspnsbldds sn cmprtds pr ss mmbrs.

b.Ls ctvdds dsrrllds s rlcn n frm crdnd.

c-Ls prgrms q s plnfqn n qp pntn n bjtv cmn.

d. S hn d dqrr hbldds y cpcdds spcls ncsrs pr l dsmpñ rmnc d s lbr.

xstn dstnts spcts ncsrs pr n dcd trbj n qp, ntr lls pdms mncnr:

. Ldrzg fctv : s dcr, cntr cn n prcs d crcn d n vsn dl ftr q tng n cnt ls ntrss d ls ntgrnts d l rgnzcn.

b. Prmvr cnls d cmnccn : tnt frmls cm nfrmls, lmnnd l msm tmp ls brrrs xstnts.

c. xstnc d n mbnt d trbj rmnc : prmtnd y prmvnd l prtcpcn d tds.

ntr ls rqsts pr q s pd dsrrllr l trbj n qp dstcn:

. Prtcpcn. l prmr cndcnnt pr trbjr n qp n n rgnzcn s l nvl d prtcpcn d ss mmbrs.

b. Hbldds drctvs, ldrzg . Trbjr n qp rqr d n ldr frmd sfcntmnt.

c. Mtds, tcncs y sprts . l trbj n qp rqr ncsrmnt d ns hrrmnts q td prtcpnt db sbr tlzr n myr mnr grd.

d. sprt d qp . Cd rgnzcn tn ss vlrs, cltr, nrms, pts d cmprtmnt q ncdn drctmnt n ls qps d trbj prsnts y ftrs.

f. Cmnccn . Ls prtcpnts d n qp d trbj s cmncn dcdmnt cnd l prcs d cmnccn grpl s cncd y sd.

g. bjtv/Mt . Ls bjtvs y mts dbn sr cncds pr l qp y ss prtcpnts.

l std d l mtvcn prtnd ydr cmprndr ls prqs d l cndct hmn. Trsldd l mnd d l mprs, stdr l mtvcn s ntntr cncr ls mcnsms q xplcn l cmprtmnt hmn q prmtn drgr l cndct d ls ndvds hc ls bjtvs d l mprs.

L mtvcn lbrl s n d ls fctrs q dtrmnn l stsfccn y l rndmnt lbrl.S h cmprbd q xst n rlcn drct vdnt ntr mtvcn, rndmnt y clmlbrl: pr s, l mtvcn s n d ls spcts q tnn n cnt ls mprss mdrnsn s rgnzcn y s drccn.

L mtvcn s ncsr pr q ls prsns pdn dsrrllr cnvnntmnt ls cpcdds q ls prmtn lgrr bjtvs q stsfgn ss ncsdds, y s s sntn stsfchs.Pr tnt, cnt myr s l mtvcn lbrl d n trbjdr, ms mntr s rndmnty grd d stsfccn.

l Drch dl Trbj prsnt ls sgnts crctrstcs:

s n rm jrdc tnm, cy bjtv n rldd scl dtrmnd q ncst d l mplccn d nsttcns, nrms, prncps y prcdmnts jrdcs pr s dptcn.

s n Drch stttr, drgd prsns cncrts (trbjdrs slrds y mprsrs).

s n Drch rcnt, q prc n rp drnt l Rv. ndstrl (S. XX) cn l mvmnt brr cm fctr hstrc d s tnm cm rm jrdc.

s n Drch cmn, rgldr dl trbj slrd.

s d ntrlz mxt, ntgrd n ls nsttcns d drch prvd (cm l cntrt d trbj) y n ls nsttcns pblcs (cm l SS, l Drch dmnstrtv…).

L rgnzcn s n mcnsm strctr q hc psbl q ls srs vvs trbjn cnjntmnt d frm fcz. Clqr ctvdd dsrrlld n cmn ncst n rgnzcn prv pr pdr rlzrl. L rgnzcn s, n l mprs, l rsltd d dvdr l trbj ttl d l msm n dvrss trs, mntnnd l crdncn d ls msms.

1.1 Cncpt d rgnzcn.

l prcs rgnztv plcd clqr ctvdd rlzd n cmn cnllv n sr d pss:

- Dfncn y clrfccn d l ctvdd q s v dsrrllr.

- Dsñr l strctr d l rgnzcn: dfnnd qn hc cd tr y qn s l rspnsbl d cnsgr ls rsltds.

- Dvsn dl trbj.

- Sñlr ls drctvs rspnsbls d ls dfrnts grps.

- stblcr rlcns lgcs: ntr ls mmbrs d l rgnzcn.

L rgnzcn cnsst n: dfnr l tr q s v hcr; dvdr l trbj ntr ls prsns q l vn rlzr; dtrmnr ls rlcns q dbn xstr ntr lls; y fjr rspnsbldds pr cnsgr ls bjtvs prvsts d frm fcz.

L rgnzcn fclt l drccn y l fncnmnt d l mprs, frcnd l mcnsm cn l q l drccn dmnstr, crdn y cntrl s mprs, psbltnd s crcmnt.

L rgnzcn s rg pr n sr d prncps:

- ndd d bjtv: tds ls mmbrs d l rgnzcn dbn cntrbr l cnsccn dl bjtv d l mprs n l mdd q ls crrspnd.

- lcnc dl cntrl: s ncsr dtrmnr l nmr d prsns q n jf pd drgr fczmnt.

- Prncp d dlgcn: s db dlgr l trdd hst ls nvls ms bjs psbls.

- ndd d mnd: ls nstrccns q dn ds ms jfs dbn mnfstrs cm s d n s trtr.

- Prncp jrrqc: db hbr n strctr jrrqc ntr ls mmbrs.

- Prncp d rspnsbldd: l rspnsbldd dl nfrr frnt s sprr s bslt. myr pdr, myr rspnsbldd.

1.2 rgnzcn frml.

L rgnzcn frml mplc n strctr ntncnd, dfnd, dntfcd y rltvmnt stbl, dnd l mprs ncj l prfccn. n rgnzcn frml prsnt ls sgnts crctrstcs: db sr flxbl, dfn ls lmts d ls ctvdds d ls ndvds, y l crdncn s llv cb mdnt nrms stblcds.

n ls mrcds, pdn nvstgrs vrs mbts:

l ntrr d l prp mprs (pnts frts y dbls).

l ntrn: scl, pltc, cnmc, dmgrfc…

l mrcd: ls cnsmdrs rls y ptncls (hy n tndnc sgmntr ls mrcds prq n xst n dmnd hmgn y nfrm).

L cmptnc: std d ls trs mprss (prdcts, prcs, dstrbcn y strtgs d cmnccn q mpln).

(S trs l nvstgcn, s rgnz bn td l nfrmcn, s llg l Sstm d nfrmcn d Mrktng (SM). Pr s prcs d nvstgcn d ls mrcds, vcs s cntrt prsnl spclzd n prtncnt l mprs pr l rlzcn dl srvc.)

Td nvstgcn d mrcds ps pr ctr fss:

<>Prmr fs: s stblcn cn dtll ls snts nvstgr.

<>Sgnd fs: s dsñ l nvstgcn. st pd sr: xplrtr (rcgr y nlzr l nfrmcn dspnbl sbr l tm), dscrptv (prtnd stblcr ls crctrstcs dl sctr dl mrcd q s std), csl (vrg l pr q d lg, rlcnnd css cn fcts), prdctv (dscrb cm pd sr l ftr).

<>Trcr fs: cnsst n l btncn d l nfrmcn. st s lgr mdnt fnts d nvstgcn prmrs: q pdn sr ntrns (bss d dts), xtrns (bsrvcn drct, ntrvst, ncsts, rnns…); fnts d nvstgcn scndrs (stdstcs, prns spclzd, bblgrf, cmprs d dts frms spclzds…).

<>Crt fs: s trtn y nlzn ls dts: s cmprb l vrcdd d ls dts, s cdfcn, s dspnn n tbls, s ntrprtn, y s prsnt l nfrm (prcs, crt y bn strctrd).

(Nrmlmnt, ls mprss q hcn s dl mrktng sn mprss grnds. n l cs d spñ, hy my pcs d sts y mchs pqñs y mdns q pns pdn nvstgr ls mrcds pr flt d rcrss, pr q ls v my bn n ss ngcs.)

Ls nts cnfgrdrs dl drch dl trbj sn:

- Trbj hmn y prsnl: l trbj db sr rlzd pr n prsn fsc, d n md prsnlsm.

-Trbj lbr y vlntr: l trbj db sr prstd lbr y vlntrmnt.

- Trbj prdctv: l Drch dl Trbj sl s plc l trbj prdctv rlzd pr sgrr mds d vd y sbsstnc, cmb d n rtrbcn.

- Trbj pr cnt jn: mplc n smr ls rsgs dl trbj y n prprs d ls frts dl msm, q srn trbds l mprsr.

- Trbj dpndnt: n l q l trbjdr st bj l drccn dl mprsr.

Hy n sr d rlcns lbrls qdn fr dl mbt d plccn dl Drch Lbrl. Ésts sn:

- Ls q prstn srvcs n rgmn d Drch pblc cmfncnrs.

- Ls prstcns prsnls blgtrs: sn cnsdrds n dbr lgl pr rzns d tldd cmntr

- ctvdds rlcnds cn l crg d cnsjr mmbr d ls rgns d l dmnstrcn: n ls mprss q tngn l frm jrdc d scdd, rlznd sl ls lbrs rltvs l crg d cnsjr.

- Ls trbjs rlzds ttl d mstd, bnvlnc bn vcndd: pr n sr rmnrds.

- Ls trbjdrs fmlrs: mns q s dmstr l cndcn d slrds, qdnd, d st mnr, cm smlds trbjdrs tnms fcts d SS.

- Ls q rlzn prcns mrcntls pr cnt d n ms mprsrs: s nclyn q ls ttlrs d n rgnzcn mprsrl tnm, ls gnts d sgr, y ls crrspnsls n bnqrs q s ddcn l cbrnz d ltrs y fcts cmrcls.

- Ls q trbjn pr cnt prp: cys rlcns s smtrn l dspst n l nrmtv dl sttt dl Trbjdr tnm y s Rglmnt d Dsrrll. (Sn tnms ls prsns fscs q rlcn n ctvdd cnmc prfsnl pr cnt prp y ttl lcrtv, dn n cpcn trbjdrs pr cnt jn.) Hy n nv ctgr scl dnmnd “trbjdr tnm cnmcmnt dpndnt” (TD), cy rglcn bdc l ncsdd d dr n cbrtr lgl n clctv d trbjdrs tnms q dsrrlln s ctvdd cn n cs xclsv dpndnt cnmc dl mprsr q ls cntrt. Ss rlcns stn rglds bj l nrmtv cmn cvl, mrcntl dmnstrtv, sgn l stpld n ls crds d ntrs prfsnl.

Clqr tr trbj q s fct n vrtd d n rlcn dstnt d l lbrl, tl y cm h sd cnfgrd: l rdnmnt jrdc rccn frnt psbls frds pr l tlzcn ndbd d ls cntrts mrcntls pr vtr l plccn d l nrmtv lbrl.

l cntrt d trbj s n crd mdnt l q n prsn, l trbjdr, s cmprmt vlntrmnt prstr ss srvcs pr cnt jn, bj l rgnzcn y drccn d tr prsn fsc jrdc, l mprsr, cmb d n rtrbcn. Ls crctrstcs dl cntrt d trbj (s ntrlz) sn:

- s cnsnsl: nc cnd ls prts hcn fctv s cnsntmnt.

- s bltrl: y q s gnrn blgcns pr ls ds prts.

- s nrs: y q d l srgn blgcns d crctr ptrmnl (cm l slr).

- s cnmttv: cd prt tn cm crts ls prstcns ls q s blg (s dcr, l bnfc prjc q pd csrl l cntrt).

- s nrmtvzd: y q l lbr vlntd d ls prts s rgn pr l lgslcn lbrl y ls cnvns.

- s d trct scsv: y q ls fcts dl cntrt n s gtn n l prp ct d clbrcn, sn q s prlngn n l tmp.

- s d crctr snlgmtc: tn n crctr rcprc d ls prstcns d ls prts, mbs dbn cmplr cn ss blgcns.

l cntrt d trbj tn ls sgnts fncns: cnstttv y rgldr.

- Fncn cnstttv: l cntrt d trbj xst s hy jndd y dpndnc, n s cs, s plc l lgslcn lbrl trs sr dmstrd. S n s dmstr, l cntrt s qdr nl y sl plc l ly n prt.

- Fncn rgldr: pr stblcr cndcns n l cntrt d trbj hy q rsptr ls nrms stblcds n ls dspscns lgls y cnvncnls.

Pr q l cntrt d trbj nzc, s ncsr q ls cntrtnts tngn cpcdd d brr, q n s prdzcn vcs n l cnsntmnt y q n s cntrvngn dspscns lgls fndmntls (s n s cmpln sts rqsts, s n cntrt nl).

Pr q xst n cntrt d trbj, tnn q drs ls sgnts rqsts: cnsntmnt, bjt y cs d trbj.

Cnsntmnt: S mnfst n l prp vlntd d clbrr l cntrt pr mbs prts (l prstr n srvc y l rmnrzrl). Pr l cnsntmnt, s ncst q:

Ls prts tngn cpcdd d brr: s n d lls n st cpctd pr ll, sr nl. Hy trs tps d cpcdd: cpcdd lbrl pln (myrs d 18 mncpds), cpcdd lbrl lmtd (jvns d 16-18 ñs n mncpds, cn trzcn d ls pdrs ttrs pr pdr frmr l cntrt), ncpcdd lbrl (jvns mnrs d 16).

S s clbr n cntrt cn n mnr d 16, st sr nl, dms d cnsttr n nfrccn dmnstrtv grv. Ls q stn ntr 16-18 tndrn lgns lmtcns pr trbjr: n pdrn rlzr trbj nctrn, n hrs xtrrdnrs, n rlzr ctvdds nslbrs, ncvs plgrss.

S l trbjdr st ncpctd (s tn dsfncn fsc psqc), l T n prv nd n cnt l cntrtcn d sts prsns. S s xtrnjr, s rgr mdnt l Ly d xtrnjr (Lx).

N pdn xstr vcs d vlntd: fctn l prcs d frmcn dl cnsntmnt. S s prdcn, l cntrt qd nld. Sn d ctr tps:

- Pr rrr: Spn l cncmnt fls d l rldd, q ndc n prsn clbrr l cntrt.

- Vlnc: cnd frzn n prsn fscmnt frmr l cntrt.

- ntmdcn: mdnt n mnz pr sstr l tr prt mdnt n ml grv.

- Dl: s n ngñ pr n d ls prts (cnd n prsn dc q tn n ttlcn y n l tn rlmnt).

bjt: s l prstcn d srvcs pr prt dl trbjdr y l rmnrcn pr prt dl mprsr l bjt dl cntrt db sr lct, psbl y dtrmnd.

Lct: n pd cntrdcr l dspst n ls lys.

Psbl: l pctd tn q pdrs cmplr.

Dtrmnd: l dtrmncn s rlzr n l cntrt n ls cnvns clctvs mdnt l sstm d l clsfccn prfsnl.

Cs: L cs s l ntrcmb ntr l srvc y l slr. Pr l trbjdr, l cs sr l slr, y pr l mprsr, l cs sr l srvc. S rslt nl n prt dl cntrt, l rstnt sgr snd vld. S l cntrt n s ttldd rslts nl, l trbjdr pdr xgr n rmnrcn crrspndnt l tmp trbjd.

Dntr dl cntrt, s dstngn tmbn n sr d lmnts prsnls: l cpcdd, l sx y l xtrnjr

. Cpcdd: pr q n cntrt s fcz, mbs prts dbn tnr cpcdd d brrs dcr, q pdn rlzr cts jrdcs cn vldz pr tnr l dd sfcnt y n str smtds ncpctcn l sfrr nfrmdds dfcncs (fscs psqcs) q mpdn l prsn gbrnrs pr s msm. (n spñ, l pln cpcdd s cnsg ls 18, pr pd trbjrs ls 16 s tn trzcn lgl d ls pdrs; ls mnrs d 16 n pdn trbjr.)

Sx: prtr d l C d 1978, l gldd dl hmbr y l mjr s bslt n tds ls rms dl Drch. Ls ncs dfrncs ntr mbs sxs s prdcn pr cs d prtccn l mtrndd, ncls l pdr pdr tnr prms s mbs trbjn y l mjr n l mprt rncrprrs nts. L lgslcn lbrl tmbn cntmpl vtr l dscrmncn d ls mnsvlds.

xtrnjr: L C stblc q ls xtrnjrs pdrn trbjr sgn l dspst n l Ly d xtrnjr. Ls mmbrs d l qdn l mrgn d st lgslcn.

Pr q n xtrnjr pd trbjr, ncst n prms d trbj y s spr ls trs mss d stnc, n prms d rsdnc. S xcptn n sr d prsns prvrs d sts prmss: tcncs y cntfcs nvtds pr l std, prfsrs xtrnjrs nvtds cntrtds pr nvrsdds spñls, prsnl drctv pr dsrrllr prgrms cltrls, fncnrs xtrnjrs, crrspnsls d mds d cmnccn, mmbrs d msns cntfcs, rlgss d glss, rtsts pr rlzr ctvdds cncrts, gbrltrñs q qrn trbjr pr cnt prp…

Hy vrs tps d prmss d trbj: - Prms : s cncd trbjdrs pr cnt jn q rlzn ctvdds d tmprd, cn n drcn nfrr 9 mss.

- Prms b (ncl): s cncd pr trbjr n n prfsn n s mbt ggrfc cncrt cn n drcn mxm d 1 ñ.

- Prms B (rnvd): s cncd ls ttlrs dl prms b l trmn d s vgnc. Prmt dsrrllr vrs prfsns drnt 2 ñs.

- Prms C: s cncd pr trbjr pr cnt jn n clqr ctvdd y lgr, cn n vldz d 3 ñs.

- Prms d (ncl): s cncd trbjdrs pr cnt prp n n ctvdd cncrt cn n vldz d 1 ñ.

- Prms D (rnvd): s cncd ls ttlrs dl prms d l trmn d s vgnc pr trbjr pr cnt prp drnt 2 ñs.

- Prms : s cncd trbjdrs pr cnt prp n clqr ctvdd y lgr drnt n prd d 3 ñs.

- Prms prmnnt: s ls cncd pr trbjr n clqr tp d ctvdd, tnt pr cnt prp cm jn cn drcn ndfnd. S cnsg l trmn d vgnc d ls ttlrs d n tp C , cd 5 ñs h d sr rnvd.

Cn rspct ls trbjdrs d l , pdn stblcrs y crclr lbrmnt pr ls pss mmbrs (tls drchs s ls plc ss fmlrs tmbn), cn l rqst d q psn n trjt d rsdnc slctd n l fcn d xtrnjrs d l prvnc dnd s qr jrcr.

Ls lmnts sbjtvs dl cntrt sn ls prts dl msm, st s: l trbjdr y l mprsr. l trbjdr rlz n srvc y l mprsr s l prsn fsc jrdc q cntrt y rcb ls srvcs dl trbjdr cmb d n rmnrcn.

n fnmn nv s l grp d mprss, q n s cntmpl n l mbt lbrl n n l lgslcn. Tn ls sgnts crctrstcs:

- N s cntmpln n l lgslcn lbrl. ll n qr dcr q sn lcts, sl q n s cntmpl.

- Pd hbr n mprs dmnnt.

- Cd mprs tn cpcdd jrdc prp y pd pctr cntrts cn ss trbjdrs lbrmnt. Ls dms mprss n rspndn nt ls trbjs cntrtds pr n mprs n cncrt.

l grp d mprss l cnsttyn vrs mprss. Cd n rspndr frnt ss trbjdrs, ls trs n rspndrn d ls blgcns cntrds pr l rst. Pr cnd ls trbnls vn n sr d lmnts dcnls (pr jmpl, sr n nc mprsr q cntrl tds ls mprss), pdn prcdr l lzmnt d vl, q cnsst n cmncr ls rspnsbldds ntr ls mprss q cnsttyn l grp. n s cs, ls trbjdrs pdrn rclmr cntr ls mprss.

l grp d mprss tn tmbn n sr d lmnts dcnls:

- L drccn ntr y q s drvn prjcs pr tr d ls mprss q frmn l grp.

- Q l grp d mprss s prsnt xtrnmnt cm nc mprs.

- L plntll nc. st s, cnd ls trbjdrs sn cntrtds pr n mprs pr cbn trbjnd pr trs tmbn.

- Cj nc.

Cnd hy n cmnccn ntr ls ptrmns d l mprs. Cnd s prdc l lzmnt vl, tds ls mprss rspndn sldrmnt d tds ls blgcns cntrds dl rst.

Clsfccn

l cntrt d trbj s n ngc jrdc bltrl, vrbl scrt, mdnt l q n prsn fsc (trbjdr) s cmprmt rlzr prsnl y vlntrmnt n trbj, pr cnt jn y bj l rgnzcn y drccn d tr, fsc jrdc (mprsr) cmb d n rmnrcn.

Hy dvrss tps d cntrt: cntrts d trbj ndfnds, cntrts tmp prcl mxts, cntrts tmprls (strctrls csls, y frmtvs), y cntrts cmns cn pclrdds.

<>Cntrts d trbj pr tmp ndfnd: dntr d st tp d cntrts, hy vrs tps: ls rdnrs, d py ls mprnddrs, y fjs-dscntns.

<>Cntrt d drcn ndfnd rdnr: l ndfnd rdnr s n l q ls prts n hn prfjd l drcn dl cntrt. Pd clbrrs pr scrt vrblmnt. <>Cntrt d trbj d drcn ndfnd d py ls mprnddrs: s n mdldd d cntrt pr tmp ndfnd y jrnd cmplt, frmlzd pr scrt y tnnd mns d 50 trbjdrs n l mprs (cnd s hc l prmr cntrt d st tp, s l d n ncntv fscl l mprs d 3000€ s l cntrtd tn mns d 30 ñs). S s cntrtn dsmplds nscrts n l fcn d mpl tmbn s ls bnfc ls mprss (jvns 16-30, myrs d 55 cn ntgdd d 12 mss n l pr). <>Cntrts fjs-dscntns: ls cntrts fjs-dscntns sn ls cntrts pr tmp ndfnd n l q s cmbnn prds d trbj cn prds d nctvdd, mntnnds l vncl ntr l trbjdr y l mprsr. l cntrt db frmlzrs pr scrt y n l mdl ncl. (S l ctvdd n pd rndrs, l mprsr db sgr ls trmts lgls dl T pr l sspnsn xtncn d cntrt.)

<>Cntrts tmp prcl mxts: sts cntrts sn clfcds cm mxts pr l psbldd d cncrtrls bn cn crctr ndfnd tmprl n ls spsts lgls. Pdn sr d dvrss tps: tmp prcl rdnr, tmp prcl pr jblcn prcl, d rlv, y cntrt pr dsmplds n stcn d xclsn scl.

<>Cntrt tmp prcl rdnr: s cnsdr tmp prcl cnd s hy crdd l prstcn drnt n nmr d hrs (l d, l smn, l ms…) nfrr l jrnd d trbj tmp cmplt. Ls cntrtds tndrn ls msms drchs q ls trbjdrs tmp cmplt.

Pd cncrtrs pr tmp ndfnd dtrmnd (crd ls spsts lgls). S db frmlzr pr scrt y n l mdl fcl. L jrnd lbrl pd rlzrs d frm cntnd prtd. Tmbn pdrn rlzr hrs cmplmntrs rsptnd l dspst n l nrm lgl (rt. 37.5 TRT).

<>Cntrt tmp prcl pr jblcn prcl: s l cntrt clbrd, pr scrt y n mdl fcl, cn n trbjdr q cncrt cn s mprs n rdccn d l jrnd y d s slr pr ccdr l jblcn prcl. l cntrt drr hst lcnzr l dd rdnr d jblcn (q pd prlngrs s l jbld dcd sgr prstnd srvcs). <>Cntrt d rlv: l cntrt d rlv s l cncrtd smltnmnt l d jblcn prcl cn n trbjdr dsmpld, frmlzd pr scrt y n l mdl fcl. st mdldd d cntrt sr blgtr sgn l cs d jblcn prcl d q s trt (s cncrtr cnd l trbjdr cntrtd jblcn prcl n hy llgd tnr l dd rdnr d jblcn). L jrnd pd sr cmplt prcl. Fnlzd l cntrt, l trbjdr tndr drch n ndmnzcn (8 ds d slr pr ñ d srvc).

S l jbld prcl fs dspdd mprcdntmnt, dbr sr ssttd pr tr trbjdr dsmpld mplr l drcn d jrnd dl trbjdr cn cntrt d rlv.

<>Cntrt pr dsmplds n stcn d xclsn scl: st tp d cntrts prtnd fmntr l clccn d trbjdrs dsmplds n stcn d xclsn scl (dch stcn db sr crdtd pr ls Srvcs Scls cmptnts). Pdr cncrtrs pr tmp ndfnd dtrmnd, jrnd cmplt prcl, y frmlzrs pr scrt n mdl fcl.

<>Cntrts tmprls: ls cntrts tmprls pdn sr strctrls csls, bn tmprls frmtvs.

<>Cntrts tmprls strctrls csls: L cntrtcn tmprl s rg pr l prncp d csldd, st s, s cntrt s cncrr lgn d sts css, cndcnnd l tp d cntrt: d br srvc dtrmnd, vntl pr crcnstncs d prdccn, ntrndd.

l cntrt d br srvc dtrmnd tn pr bjt l rlzcn d brs srvcs ndpndntmnt d ls ctvdds nrmls q s rlcn n l mprs. l mprsr db fcltr pr scrt l trbjdr n dcmnt jstfctv d s nv cndcn d trbjdr fj, tnnd n drcn mxm d 3 ñs (prrrgbl hst 1 ñ ms pr cnvn), frmlzd pr scrt.

l cntrt vntl pr crcnstncs d l prdccn tn l fnldd d cbrr ncsdds xtrrdnrs d l mprs pr crcnstncs d mrcd, cmlcn d trs xcs d pdds, rlznd l cntrtd ls msms prcns q n l mprs, cn n drcn mxm d 6 mss (prrrgbls n 12 mss ms pr cnvn). l cntrt db frmlzrs pr scrt s s drcn s sprr 4 smns. (Pr ncntvr l dqscn d n prmr xprnc tmprl, ls mprss pdn cntrtr jvns mnrs d 30 sn xprnc lbrl cn cntrts tmprls.)

Ls cntrts d ntrndd cnsstn n ssttr n trbjdr q st d bj, cbrr n vcnt, ssttr trbjdrs n frmcn pr trbjdrs bnfcrs d prstcns pr dsmpl. S frmlz pr scrt.

<>Cntrts tmprls frmtvs: sts cntrts nclyn ds tps: l cntrt pr l frmcn y l prndzj, y l cntrt n prctcs.

l cntrt pr l frmcn y l prndzj tn pr bjtv l clfccn prfsnl d ls trbjdrs n n rgmn d ltrnnc d ctvdd lbrl (rtrbd) cn frmcn n l sstm d FP pr l mpl dl S. st tp d cntrts s hc trbjdrs d 16-25 ñs, frmlzd pr scrt, cn n drcn d 1-3 ñs. L rtrbcn dpnd dl tmp d trbj fctv (pr nnc nfrr l SM). S tndr drch ls srvcs d l SS y l cbrtr dl FGS.

l cntrt n prctcs tn l fnldd d fcltr l btncn d l prctc prfsnl dcd l nvl d stds crsds pr ls trbjds cn n ttl dtrmnd (nvrstr, F d grd md sprr), prsns mnrs d 30 ñs. S frmlzcn s pr scrt y l rtrbcn sr fjd pr l cnvn clctv (n nfrr l 60-75% drnt ls ds prmrs ñs d cntrt).

<>Cntrts cmns cn pclrdds: Ls pclrdds sn:

l lgr dnd s prstn ls srvcs (cntrts d trbj dstnc). l sctr d ctvdd (cntrt d mbrg, rntc, prfsnls d l nfrmcn, d l mnr y dl cmp). Pr sr l mpldr d n dmnstrcn pblc stblcmnt mltr. Sr n grp d prsns ls cntrtds (cntrt d grp).

Nrms spcfcs rltvs l cntrtcn tmprl

Pr xtngr l cntrt tmprl, hy vrs frms: mdnt ndmnzcn, mdnt dnnc mdnt prvs.

<>ndmnzcn: ls cntrts tmprls s xprn pr tmp pr rlzcn d l br srvc bjt dl cntrt. l fnlzr, s rcb n ndmnzcn prprcnl 12 ds d slr pr ñ d srvc prstd. <>Dnnc: ls cntrts cn drcn trmnd cn plz stblcd d drcn, s prrrgrn tmtcmnt cnd n md dnnc prrrg xprs y l trbjdr cntn prstnd srvcs. st s, s trmn l drcn dl cntrt y n hy ndcs d q l trbjdr s dspdd y sg prstnd srvcs, s cntrt s tprrrgr qdnd cm ndfnd. <>Prvs: S l cntrt d drcn dtrmnd s sprr n ñ, l prt q frml l dnnc st blgd ntfcr l tr l trmncn dl msm cn n ntlcn mnm d 15 ds.

Pr prvnr ls bss dl s d cntrts tmprls, hy mdds stblcds n l nrmtv lgl (TRT, TT, y SP) pr sncnr ls mprsrs pr l bs scsv d cntrts lbrls (sbds dl 36% l hcr cntrts tmprls, sncns dmnstrtvs…).

Drchs dl trbjdr

Ls drchs d ls prsns n ls rlcns lbrls tnn n dbl vrtnt: pr n ld, mplc lmtcns ls pdrs mprsrls, y, pr tr, gnr dbrs pr l mprsr ncmnds l ttl y prmcn d ss drchs. l T clsfc ls drchs dl trbjdr n ds grps: ls drchs lbrls cnsttcnls y ls drchs lbrls cntrctls.

<>Drchs lbrls cnsttcnls: l T rcnc ls trbjdrs cm drchs cnsttcnls bscs ls sgnts:

<>Drch l trbj y lbr lccn d prfsn fc. <>Lbr sndccn: pd sr ndvdl (l crr flrs n sndct l n prtncr n), clctv (n cnt l drch d ls sndcts pr prtgr ls trbjdrs). <>Drch l ngccn clctv: mdnt l q trbjdrs y mprsrs rgln ls cndcns d trbj. <>Drch l dpcn d mdds d cnflct clctv: cnd hy ds ms prts q n s pnn d crd n n cnflct, pd rcrrrs n trcr (pdnd cdr frmls xtrjdcls) pr l rslcn dl prblm. <>Drch l hlg: ls trbjdrs pdn dptr mdds d prsn pr dfndr ss ntrss y drchs (cs tmprl, pr jmpl). <>Drch d rnn: s mnfst trvs d smbls d trbjdrs dnd s cmncn rprsntnts d prsnl y sndcls cn ss rprsntds. <>Drch d prtcpcn n l mprs: s jrc mdnt l rprsntcn ntr (Cmts d mprs Dlgds d prsnl, y/ rprsntcn sndcl), sn prjc d trs frms d rprsntcn.

<>Drchs lbrls cntrctls: Cm drchs lbrls cntrctls, l T rcnc ls sgnts:

<>Drch l cpcn fctv: l mprsr tn pr blgcn l jccn dl trbj. <>Drch l prmcn y FP n l trbj: ncld l dptcn ls cntns cmbs n l pst d trbj mdnt frmcn pr prmvr l scns. ll fclt ls trbjdrs ccdr n trbj ms clfcd, cn mjr rmnrcn, mjrs xpcttvs, tc. <>Drch n sr dscrmnd pr l mpl: l ly prhb l mprsr dptr mdds q mplqn dscrmncns fvrbls dsfvrbls pr rzns d sx, std cvl, rgn rcl, rlgn, rntcn sxl…, s cm grntzr n gldd d trt ntr hmbrs y mjrs. <>Drch s ntgrdd fsc y n dcd pltc d sgrdd hgn: ncly l drch cncr ls rsgs xstnts n l trbj, ls mdds d prtccn plcbls, mdds prvntvs… q sn plgrss pr s sld. <>l rspt d s ntmdd y l cnsdrcn dbd s dgndd: st s, prtccn frnt l cs pr rzns d sx, rlgn, dscpcdd, rntcn sxl… <> l prcpcn pntl d l rmnrcn: q dbr rlzrs n l lgr y fch dspsts, sgn ls ss y cstmbrs. <>l jrcc ndvdl d ls ccns drvds dl cntrt d trbj: nt ls jzgds y trbnls pr rslvr cnflcts ndvdls cnflcts, ls rclmcns n mtr d SS, cntr l std cnd l lgslcn lbrl ls trby rspnsbldd pr ll (n nngn cs pdn tmrs rprsls frnt ls trbjdrs pr l jrcc d ccns jdcls). <> ls drchs q s drvn dl cntrt d trbj (CT).

Dbrs dl trbjdr

Ls trbjdrs tndrn ls sgnts dbrs (T, rt. 5):

<>Cmplr cn ls blgcns d s pst d trbj: sgn ls rgls d bn f y dlgnc. <>Cmplr ls rdns dl mprsr: smpr q sts stn rfrds l rlcn lbrl. <>N cncrrr cn l ctvdd d l mprs. <>Cntrbr l mjr d l prdctvdd: rfrd l trbjdr, n l prdccn d l mprs. <>Ls q s drvn dl CT.

l bjtv n n rlcn lbrl s: l prstcn lbrl crrspndnt l trbjdr y l rtrbtv crrspndnt l mprsr. L prstcn s n dd d ctvdd, y prsnt ls sgnts crctrstcs:

<>s n ctvdd hmn y prsnl: ncmnt pd sr rlzd pr n prsn fsc q dsrrll n prstcn d srvcs prsnlsm. <>l trbjdr prst ss srvcs d frm vlntr. <>l trbj cntrtd db sr lct y prdctv. <>L prstcn lbrl s rlz pr cnt jn: n smnd l trbjdr ls rsgs dl trbj y n s prp d ls frts dl msm, q srn trbds l mprsr. <>Drnt l dsrrll d l prstcn, l trbjdr s hll smtd l pdr dscplnr y d drccn dl mprsr: d frm q rc sbr l n dbr d bdnc d ls rdns nstrccns q l mprsr dct, smpr q stn rlcnds cn ls ctvdds d s rlcn lbrl.

L rlcn jrdc lbrl ncd dl CT s cmpn pr l cmb cntnd ntr n prstcn d trbj pr cnt jn pr prt dl trbjdr y n prstcn slrl pr prt dl mprsr. L prstcn slrl s crctrz pr: sr n prstcn q trnsfr l trbjdr l prpdd d dnr trs bns, y pr sr n prstcn d crctr ptrmnl, nstntn, nq d jccn prdc, n dnr spc.

L dctrn dfn l slr cm l trbcn ptrmnl, fjd lgl cnvncnlmnt, cm cntrprstcn ncd d l rlcn lbrl, bnd pr l mprsr pr rtrbr l trbjdr pr ss srvcs. Crrspnd l std l rglcn bsc d l blgcn rtrbtv (fjcn d l rtrbcn mnm, rdncn d ls grnts slrls y d ls prstcns sstttvs dl slr). L ngccn clctv s l prncpl fnt d fjcn d l cnt y strctr slrl pr sctrs. L Jrsprdnc vn dmtnd l “slr glbl”, q cnsst n fjr n rtrbcn ntr sn dstrbcn n dstnts prtds.

l slr bs s l rtrbcn fjd pr ndd d tmp d br. L dfncn lgl dmt q s fjcn pd rlzrs n bs l tmp l mtrl:

- Tmprl: cnd s clcl l cnt pr ndd d tmp, tnnds n cnt ls hrs q dr l prstcn dl srvc.

- Mtrl: cnd s clcl l cnt n fncn d ls rsltds btnds pr l trbjdr n l rlzcn d ss srvcs (l mdldd ms pr s l trbj dstj). (l slr bs n db cnfndrs cn l SM q fj l std pr clqr ctvdd cn l fn d grntzr l prcpcn d ns ngrss mnms.) Ls cmplmnts slrls sn cntdds q s ñdn l slr bs pr l cncrrnc d n cs spcfc prsnt n l rlcn lbrl. sts cmplmnts plss stn rdnds n trs grps: ls q ldn ls cndcns prsnls dl trbjdr, ls q stn rlcnds cn l trbj rlzd, y ls q stn rlcnds cn l stcn y rsltds d l mprs.

Cmplmnts prsnls: Ls cmplmnts prsnls sn ls q s fjn n fncn d ls cndcns prsnls dl trbjdr:

- ntgdd: tn n cnt l tmp q llv l trbjdr n l mprs.

- Ttls, dms, cncmnts spcls y trs: s bnn n cnt l mprs s srv d sts cncmnts (slv q s hy tnd n cnt n l fjcn dl slr bs).

- Pls vlntr: st vncld l prsn y n l ctgr prfsnl (d md q n scns n mplc l lvcn d s cnt). Cmplmnts rlcnds cn l trbj rlzd: s grpn n ds ctgrs: cmplmnts d pst d trbj, y cmplmnts rltvs l cntdd y cldd dl trbj.

- Cmplmnts d pst d trbj: sn plss d ndl fncnl q prcb l trbjdr pr rzn d ls crctrstcs dl pst sgnd, tls cm: pls d pnsdd, txcdd y plgrsdd (cnt fjd n l cnvn), pls d trn trncdd (cmpns l ncmddd dl trbj pr trns), pls d nctrndd (ntr ls 22-6h, sn sbrpsr 8h d jrnd rdnr, s tndr n rtrbcn spcl), y trs cmplmnts fncnls (pls d ncrgd d zn, plss d mvldd, prlngcn d l jrnd, pls d rsdnc…).

- Cmplmnts rltvs l cntdd y cldd d trbj rlzd: ldn ls prms ncntvs (cnt vrbl sgn l rndmnt dl trbjdr), ls hrs xtrrdnrs (ls q xcdn d ls hrs rdnrs), pls d sstnc y pntldd, y cmsns (prtcpcn dl trbjdr n ls bnfcs d n ngccn n l q h mdd).

- Cmplmnts rlcnds cn ls rsltds d l mprs: rltvs ls bnfcs btnds. lgns mdldds sn: prtcpcn n bnfcs (cmplmnt slrl vrbl n fncn d ls rsltds d l mprs), y stck ptns (cncsn n trbjdr d n drch cmpr d ccns).

trs cmplmnts slrls: hy trs cmplmnts cm l pls d xptrcn (cnd s trsld l xtrnjr l trbjdr), pls d vntldd y pls d cnvn. dms d sts, xstn trs prcpcns slrls: grtfccns slrls, y slr n spc.

- Grtfccns xtrrdnrs: sn n cmplmnt slrl d vncmnt prdc sprr l ms. S pg s blgd pr prt dl mprsr, mnm ds vcs l ñ (n n Nvdd y l tr cnd s crd).

- Slr n spc: ld l tlzcn, cnsm y btncn pr fns prtclrs d bns, drchs srvcs d frm grtt pr prc nfrr l nrml d mrcd. l slr n spc n pdr sprr l 30% d ls prcpcns slrls dl trbjdr (45% s s trt d mpld dl hgr).

l cncpt lgl trby crctr slrl tds ls prcpcns cnmcs d ls trbjdrs, nq lgns n tnn ntrlz slrl (prsncn lgl rs tntm), cm ls sgnts:

- Ls cntdds rcbds n cncpt d ndmnzcns splds pr ls gsts rlzds pr s ctvdd lbrl (pls d qbrnt d mnd, pls pr dsgst d tls, dts d vj, pls d trnsprt…).

- Ls prstcns ndmnzcns d l SS.

- Ls ndmnzcns crrspndnts trslds, sspnsns dspds.

- Ls prpns (pr dpndr dl pblc).

- Ls grtfccns lbrldds mprsrls, n mtlc n spc, cncdds lbrmnt pr l mprsr.

- Ls dncns prmcnls pr prt dl mprsr (dnr y/ spc).

- Ls sgncns sstncls (ntrg d ccns n l mprs, prdcts prcs rbjds, vls d dscnt, crss d frmcn xgds pr l pst, l prstcn dl srvc d dccn, srvcs scls y cltrls).

S dstngn ds tps d prtcpcns:

Prtcpcn nvl cnmc n l mprs: s n frml rtcld mdnt mcnsms (cm l cncsn d pgs d bnfcs, l psbldd d q ls trbjdrs dqrn ttls d prpdd d l mprs) md d frms d prtcpcn q n tnn ncdnc n l gstn mprsrl. Prtcpcn n l gstn d ls trbjdrs: mdnt rprsntnts y q pd tnr dvrss grds, y pd r dsd l drch rcbr nfrmcn d grn mprtnc, hst l rcncmnt dl drch sr cnsltd nts d q l mprsr tm crts dcsns.

Cm frms d l prtcpcn d ls trbjdrs, dstcn:

Prtcpcn trvs d ls rprsntnts ntrs d ls trbjdrs. Prtcpcn trvs d l rprsntcn sndcl n l mprs, frmd pr ls sccns y dlgds sndcls (rgln l psbldd d q ls sndcts rgncn ctvdds dntr d l mprs). L ngccn clctv, cnfgrd cm frm clfcd d prtcpcn d ls trbjdrs n l gstn mprsrl trvs dl stblcmnt d cndcns d trbj. Frms mprsrls q ptncn l fgr dl trbjdr-mprsr. L myr clfccn prfsnl d ls trbjdrs (q st prdcnd n prtcpcn lvd n ls nvls d dcsn tcnc d l mprs).

Ls sndcts hn trbjd dsd s crcn pr cnsgr mjrr ls cndcns d vd d ls trbjdrs dfndnd ss ntrss.

Cncpt y cnfgrcn jrdc dl sndct

L C (1978) n d nngn dfncn sbr l sndct, sn mbrg, n l dctrn s nn vrs, ntr ls q dstcn:

Mnty Mlgr: dfn l sndct cm n rgnzcn sctv d crctr lbrl cnsttd pr l dfns d ls ntrss d ss scds y pr l rglcn d ls cndcns lbrls. L T (nº87): dfn l sndct cm td rgnzcn trbjdrs q tng pr bjt fmntr y dfndr ls ntrss d ls msms.

Ls sndcts tnn ls sgnts crctrstcs:

Sn rgnzcns d trbjdrs pr cnt jn (nglbnd ls tnms tmbn), q dfndn ls drchs d ls trbjdrs cn crctr ngcdr pr mjrr ss cndcns lbrls. Sn rgnzcns stblcs, d ntrlz prvd y prsnldd jrdc. N sn clgs prfsnls, y s dfrncn d ls scdds cvls y mrcntls n cnt q n ls prmrs ls scs pnn n cmn s ptrmn, y n ls sgnds, ls scs hcn cts d cmrc pr cnsgr n bnfc.

Ls sndcts sn my dvrss, s clsfcn d l sgnt frm:

Sgn s mbt trrtrl: pdn sr lcls, rgnls, d CC y ncnls. Sgn l nmr d prfsns q grpn: hy sndcts d n fc, y d ndstr (q gltn ms d n fc). Sgn l grd d rprsnttvdd q stntn: hy sndcts ms rprsnttvs, csrprsnttvs y cn rprsnttvdd rdnr. Sgn s grd d vnclcn ls prtds pltcs: ls hy vnclds prtds, ndpndnts d clqr prtd. Sgn l prsnldd: ls hy cn prsnldd jrdc sn ll.

L dctrn dfn l CC cm n cntrt ngcd y clbrd pr rprsntcns d trbjdrs y mprsrs pr rglr ls cndcns d trbj. Ls crctrstcs d ls CC sn:

s n crd dptd lbrmnt pr ls prts q cnstty n fnt d l rlcn lbrl, y q l bjtv d ls CC s l rglcn d ls cndcns lbrls y d prdctvdd q cntrbyn lgrr l pz scl. st jrrqcmnt std pr ncm d ls CT pctds ndvdlmnt. Ls trbjdrs ntrvnn n l ngccn trvs d ss rprsntnts.

L ntrlz dl CC h sd xplcd dsd dvrss trs: cntrctlsts, nrmtv, y sclgcs.

Trs cntrctlsts: xplcn l CC n l mrc d l tr dl cntrt ncdrndl n l cntrt d mndt, n l gstn d ngcs jns, n l fgr dl prcntrt, ntr trs. Tr nrmtv: ncndr ls CC jnt ls cts nrmtvs, y q ls CC tnn nrms y pclrdds spcfcs. Trs sclgcs: pr sts, l CC s n pct q nc d ls clctvdds scls q s rgnzn pr crr crds prfsnls.

n l ctldd, s cnsdr l CC cm n crd cn fcc nrmtv q srg d n md cncrt, l ngccn ntr rprsntnts d ls trbjdrs y mprsrs, qns s rcnc cpcdd pr ngcr cndcns lbrls.

rgn d ls mdfccns cntrctls

L ltrcn d ls cndcns d l rlcn lbrl pd tnr s rgn n:

L vlntd d ls prts: pd sr: cnd s mpst pr l mprsr n vrtd d s pdr dscplnr (js vrnd, ptstd pr ltrr l prstcn lbrl dl trbjdr); cnd l trbjdr l slct (nq nrmlmnt l ptcn n s stsfch); cnd s ltrn ls cndcns pr mt crd ntr l mprsr y l trbjdr (d frm ndvdl clctv). Crcnstncs jns l vlntd d ls prts: cm cnd s prdc n cb nrmtv q fct l cntrt (nrms sttls sctrls…).

L xtncn d l rlcn lbrl cnsst n q l trbjdr y l mprsr djn d str vnclds pr l CT, djnd st d srtr fcts jrdcs. (Pr lns l, l xtncn dl T s l trmncn dl vncl q lg ls prts cn l cnsgnt cscn dfntv d ls blgcns d mbs prts.)

l fct gnrl s l cs d l prstcn d srvcs pr prt dl trbjdr y l rtrbcn pr prt dl mprsr. Ls css d l xtncn d trbj pdn prvcr ns fcts prtclrs: ccs n prstcn d dsmpl, ndmnzcns pr plr l prdd dl trbj, ntr trs cnscncs.

l mrc lgl q rgl l xtncn dl CT s bs n ls sgnts dcmnts: TRT (rts. 49-57), Ly rgldr d l jrsdccn scl, Rglmnt d ls prcdmnts d rglcn d mpl y d ctcn dmnstrtv n mtr d trslds clctvs, y RD d mdds rgnts pr l rfrm dl mrcd lbrl.

n cnflct d trbj s n nfrntmnt d dfrncs ntr mprsrs y trbjdrs n cnt ls cndcns d trbj gnrlmnt. S dstng ntr cnflcts ndvdls (q nfrnt n trbjdr snglr cn s mprsr), y cnflcts clctvs d trbj (q nfrnt n clctv cn l mprsr)

Cncpt d cnflct clctv. S rglcn lgl

lns l cncb l cnflct clctv cm “td dscsn mnfstd xtrnmnt ntr mprsrs y trbjdrs n cnt ls cndcns d trbj”, q fct ls trbjdrs. l Trbnl Sprm cncb q pr q n cnflct s clctv db fctr n cnjnt d trbjdrs y n ntrs cmn q sts tngn.

Dntr d ls cnflcts clctvs, s dstng ntr: cnflct jrdc d plccn, y cnflct d ntrss d rglcn.

Cnflct jrdc d plccn: s dsct sbr l plccn ntrprtcn d n nrm sttl n prctc d l mprs. Cnflct d ntrss d rglcn: s plnt pr l xstnc d n vc d rglcn y rqr n nrm pr slvntrl (sl ngcrs n CC).

l mrc nrmtv d ls cnflcts clctvs s l sgnt:

C (rt. 37.2): q rcg l psbldd d q mprsrs y trbjdrs pdn dptr mdds d cnflct clctv. LJS (rts 153-162): q rgln l prcs d cnflcts clctvs. TRT: cntnnd mcnsms d slcn d cnflcts clctvs. CC: q stblcn prcdmnts pr l rslcn d cnflcts clctvs.

Cnflct ndvdl, cnflct plrl, cnflct clctv

n l mbt d ls rlcns d trbj, s prdcn trs tps d cnflcts: ndvdls, plrls y clctvs. l ndvdl s l cntrvrs q srg ntr n trbjdr ndvdl y n mprsr, frt d s rlcn lbrl; l clctv s l cnfrntcn ntr n vrs mprsrs y ls trbjdrs rgnzds cm clctv (j: ntrprtcn sbr l clcl d pls d ntgdd d n CC); l cnflct plrl s l q fct n vrs mprsrs y n grp d trbjdrs pr q n rprsntn ntrss d n clctv spcfc (j: rclmcn d cntdds dbds lgns trbjdrs d n mprs).

Prcdmnts d slcn

Ls cnflcts clctvs pdn rslvrs d frm pcfc vlnt. Ls mds pcfcs s clsfcn n mds xtrjdcls y mds d slcn jdcl.

Prcdmnt rgld n l RD Ly d Rlcns d Trbj: s n prcdmnt dmnstrtv q s rlz mdnt n scrt drgd l trdd lbrl cmptnt (l Drccn Prvncl d Trbj Drccn Gnrl d Trbj) pr prt d ls rprsntnts d trbjdrs n l mbt crrspndnt l cnflct. Mntrs st vgnt l prcdmnt, qd sspns l drch hlg.

L trdd lbrl, trs rcbr l scrt, dbr rmtrl l prt cntrr y cnvcr ls prts pr q cmprzcn ntntn llgr n crd. S n hy crd, l trdd lbrl rmtr ls ctcns l jrsdccn lbrl cmptnt pr slcnr l cnflct.

Prcdmnt jdcl: s n prcdmnt prfrnt y rgnt dsrrlld n n nc cnvctr tnnd cm rqst prv l cnclcn nt l srvc crrspndnt. l prcs s nc cn n dmnd dsgnnd ls trbjdrs y mprss fctds y l xpscn d ls hchs cn l fndmnt jrdc prtnnt.

Sn lgtmds pr prmvrl ls rprsntnts d ls trbjdrs y ls mprsrs. Pr st v, s trmtn ls dmnds q fctn ntrss gnrls d n grp d trbjdrs. L sntnc s dctr n l plz d 3 ds, cn dmsn pstrr d rcrs.

trs frms d slcn: sts frms sln fjr sstms d mdcn rbtrj. Pdn smtrs st prcdmnt: cnflcts clctvs d ntrprtcn y plccn d n CC, cnflcts sbr l mpgncn d ls msms, cnflcts n cs d dscrd ntr l rprsntcn lgl d ls trbjs y l mprs, cnflcts q dn lgr l cnvctr d hlg, ntr trs.

Sgn stblc l Cnsttcn, sn ls pdrs pblcs ls q tnn l blgcn d mntnr n rgmn d Sgrdd Scl pr prtgr ls cddns q grntc l sstnc y prstcns sfcnts pr cbrr stcns d ncsdd. s pr ll q, trdcnlmnt, ls stds hn stblcd dvrss sstms d tncn ls cddns nt dtrmnds stcns d ncsdd.

n spñ l sstm d sgrdd scl s strctr n trs nvls:

- Nvl bsc y n cntrbtv: st nvl trg prstcns tds ls sjts n stcn d ncsdd pr crnc d rnts, ndpndntmnt d q dsrrlln ctvdd n n lgn sctr prdctv y d hyn cntrbd n l sstm.

- Nvl prfsnl cntrbtv: prtg ls sjts n fncn d s dscrpcn qlls clctvs q rlzn n ctvdd cncrt d trbj y n rlcn l sctr d prdccn n l q dsrrlln s ctvdd, dcrbnds d st mnr cd sjt ls dstnts Rgmns d Sgrdd Scl, y smpr q spr dtrmnds xgncs.

- Nvl cmplmntr: q sr l prtccn d crctr prvd, l q cd cddn pd cdr d mnr vlntr y cm cmplmnt l prtccn pblc. L Cnsttcn dl 78 rcnc q "l sstnc y prstcns cmplmntrs srn lbrs".

L ccn prtctr s l frm n q s rgnzn ls mcnsms spcfcs d cbrtr y s dfnn ls ncsdds scls prtgds n n sstm d Sgrdd Scl, sts sn:

- ncpcdd Tmprl.

- Mtrndd.

- Ptrndd.

- Rsg drnt l mbrz.

- Rsg drnt l lctnc ntrl.

- Cdd d mnrs fctdr pr cncr tr nfrmdd grv.

- ncpcdd prmntnt nvldz.

- Jblcn.

- Dsmpl.

- Prtccn pr cs d ctvdd.

- Mrt y sprvvnc.

- Prstcns fmlrs.

- Prstcn d srvcs scls

L cnc s n cnjnt d cncmnts, fnmns y trs cn ls q s dscrbn y xplcn hchs. sts hchs pdn sr ntrls (rltvs l ntrlz) scls (rltvs l cmprtmnt hmn), l cnm qdr ncdrd n ls cncs scls.

Td cnc tn n bjt y n mtd. L cnm std l cnjnt d hchs y rgls q frmn prt d l ctvdd cnmc dl hmbr cn n mtd d nvstgcn cntfc.

L cnsdrcn d l cnm cm cnc s ncdr n dstnts plntmnts, dfrncnd ntr cnm pstv y cnm nrmtv:

cnm pstv: std l fncnmnt d l cnm. cnm nrmtv: plc jcs d vlr ntrvncn n l cnm.

L Tr cnmc ctl dpt n pscn mbvlnt: rlz n nlss cnmc y prprcn rcmndcns d ctcn.

Dfrnts cncpts d cnm

(l trmn “cnm” cm cnc cnmc prc pr prmr vz cn ntn d Mntchrstn (1615) nclynd n s cncptlzcn rgls pr n crrct dmnstrcn y fvrcr l nrqcmnt dl rn.)

Ls dfncns sbr cnm s grpn d l sgnt frm:

cnm cm cnc q xplc l prdccn y dstrbcn d l rqz (cnmsts: dm Smth, Bvrdg, skr Lng). cnm cm l cnc q std l bsqd dl bnstr (Mrshll). cnm cm cnc q std l dmnstrcn d rcrss scss: “L cnm trt ls spcts d l cndct hmn srgds d l scsz d mds sscptbls d ss ltrntvs pr cnsgr ns fns dds” (Rbbns). cnm cm cnc scl: “L cnm s l cnc q s cp d l dmnstrcn d ls rcrss scss n l scdd hmn” (Lng).

Mcrcnm y mcrcnm

Pr stdr n cnc, sln hcrs clsfccns. L cnc cnmc dfrnc ntr mcrcnm y mcrcnm.

Mcrcnm: std ls cmprtmnts ndvdls y ls rlcns d ntrcmb q s prdcn (cnms dmstcs y mprss). Mcrcnm: std l sstm cnmc glbl q dtrmn ls ndcs d ctvdd cnmc d ls pss.

n sstm s n cnjnt chrnt cn n fncnmnt smpl y hmgn n tnt q s trt d n rgnzcn. l hblr d sstm cnmc, ls lmnts q l crctrzn pdn sr my dvrss:

Pr Mrch, n sstm cnmc s crctrz pr ss strctrs, q grp n: nsttcnls y scls, cnmcs y tcncs, y psclgcs. Y sgn ss lmnts, ls sstms cnmcs s clsfcn n: clsfccns hstrcsts (cm l d Smbrt Mrx), clsfccns bsds n l cmprcn d ls lmnts cm: ls bsds n crtrs sclgcs (ckn), ls bsds n crtrs tcncs (Fshr-Clrk), ls bsds n trs crtrs (strctrls, sctrs dmnnts d l cnm…). Prrx y Brr clsfcn ls sstms cnmcs bsnds n trs lmnts: l sprt (mdls prdmnnts d ctvdd), l frm (lmnts q dfnn l mrc d l ctvdd cnmc y ls rlcns ntr ls gnts cnmcs), y l sstnc (l tcnc).

l mrcd s l nsttcn scl n l q s ntrcmbn bns y srvcs, y ls fctrs d prdccn. Fncn trvs d ls frzs q l cmpnn (frt y dmnd), rglds pr lys ntrns y xtrns, q cmbn n fncn dl prc, xpcttvs, gsts… Hy mchs tps d mrcds y bns, cn cmprtmnts dstnts sgn ls css.

Ls ndds d dcsn q ctn n l mrcd sn bscmnt ls cnms dmstcs, mprss y l dmnstrcn pblc (cmprdrs, vnddrs cntrldrs d l ctvdd). n l mrcd, ls cmprdrs ngcn cn ls vnddrs l cntdd dl bn srvc ntrcmbr y s prc.

lmnts dl mrcd

n mrcd dspn d ls sgnts lmnts: dmndnts (cmprdrs), frnts (vnddrs), cntdd (Q) dl bn q s trnsmt, y l prc (P) q s crd pr ntrcmbr l cntdd dl bn. S dc q hy qlbr cnd ls dmndnts y frnts llgn n crd sbr l cntdd y l prc dl ntrcmb. frt y dmnd, n n mrcd cn cmptnc prfct, ctn sbr l cntdd.

n cnm, sl dfrncrs ntr mcrcnm y mcrcnm. L mcrcnm nlz ls vrbls cnmcs rlcnds cn ls grgds cnmcs, stdnd l nvl d prdccn, rnt, mpl y prcs d l cnm d n ps.

S dfrnc d l mcrcnm pr ntndr q l td n s l sm d ndvdldds. n mcrcnm s stdn ls mrcds cm sm d mchs dcsns ndvdls, sn mbrg n mcrcnm, s std cm n ndd. n l mcrcnm, ls sjts cnmcs stdds sn ls grgds clctvs scls.

Sgn Tnbrgn, l bjtv d l Pltc cnmc cnsst n l mnplcn d crt nmr d mds pr lcnzr crts fns, trt d nflr sbr ls hchs pr trnsfrmrls. S cnfgr l pltc cnmc cm l rm nrmtv d l cnc cnmc cy mbt s l tm d dcsns q tnn cm fn l bnstr mtrl.

Dstcn n ll ctr lmnts: n trdd q tm dcsns; ls fns q s prsgn; l crctr dlbrd d ls ccns; y ls mds nstrmnts mnplr pr ls trdds cnmcs.

Pr l lbrcn d l pltc cnmc, s stblcn (Krschn) vrs tps:

Rcncmnt pnt d prtd: dnd s rcpl l nfrmcn. nlss: dnd s std l nfrmcn rcgd. Dsñ: s lbr n ltrntv d pltc cnmc. Cnslts sbr l dsñ prlmnr: s hcn mdfccns dl dsñ y s mjr. Dscsn prlmntr. jccn: pst n prctc d l pltc cnmc.

L pltc cnmc tn dvrss clsfccns sgn s tplg:

Pltcs d rdncn y prcs: sgn ls ctcns llvn mdfcr l mrc d ctcn d l cnm rslvr prblms d dsqlbrs. Pltcs cntttvs, clttvs d rfrm: sgn fctn mgntds d prmtrs pltcs n n sstm cn n strctr dd fndmnts dl sstm cnmc. Pltcs mcrcnmcs y mcrcnmcs. Pltcs crt y lrg plz: sgn s dmnsn tmprl. Pltcs ncnls, rgnls sprncnls: n fncn d s mbt d ctcn. Pltcs cnmcs q ctn dl ld d l frt q ctn dl ld d l dmnd: sgn s ls nstrmnts fctn ms l frt dmnd grgd.

(n l pltc cnmc, ls prncpls pstrs nfqs dptr sn:

nfq rtdx: n l, ls fns sn mrcds pr ls pltcs y q ls mds pr cnsgrls ls mrc l cnmst. nfq mnst: trt d rsmr l cnjnt d vlrcns n n jc d vlr nc, rprsntd pr n fncn d bnstr scl. nfq plrlst: ntnd q fns y mds s nflyn rcprcmnt y q ls jcs d vlr ls fctn n tds ls fss d lccn, cptcn, dtrmncn y cntfccn.)

Rspct ls fns, Krschn dstng ntr fns crt plz cyntrls (pln mpl, stbldd d prcs…), y fns lrg plz strctrls, q pdn sr: prmrs (stsfccn d ls ncsdds clctvs), y scndrs (mjr n l strctr d l pblcn). trs trs dfndn n clsfccn ntr fns cnmcs y fns scls.

n cnt ls nstrmnts, s dfrncn mchs clss, pr, n gnrl, s hbl d nstrmnts d pltc mntr, d pltc d tp d cmb, d pltc fscl, d pltc xtrr, d pltc d rnts y d pltc d mpl.

Ls fns y mds nstrmnts stn ttlmnt ntrrlcnds, pst q l q sn mds n n dtrmnd pltc, sn fns n tr. (Dfnds sts, s h d tmr dcsns pr: dntfcr ls bjtvs, lgr ls nstrmnts y stblcr l rlcn ntr mbs.)

Cncpt d drccn

Drgr cnsst n cnsgr ls bjtvs d l mprs mdnt l plccn d ls fctrs dspnbls, dsrrllnd ls fncns d plnfccn, rgnzcn, gstn y cntrl. L drccn rqr n rspst sstmtc ls cmbs dl ntrn mprsrl.

Nvls drctvs n l mprs

n l mprs, hy vrs nvls drctvs jrrqzds d rrb bj n trs prts: l lt drccn, l drccn ntrmd y l drccn prtv:

<>lt drccn: s l nvl ms lvd. st ntgrd pr l prsdnt y trs drctvs q s cpn d dsrrllr ls plns lrg plz d l mprs. Tmn dcsns rltvs l lbrcn d nvs prdcts, l cmpr d trs mprss, y sprvsn gnrl d l mprs.

<>Drccn ntrmd: s nclyn jctvs cm ls drctrs d fbrcs ls jfs d dvsns. Ls drctvs ntrmds s cpn d dsrrllr plns y prcdmnts dtllds pr llvr l prctc ls plns gnrls d l lt drccn y sprvsr l drccn prtv (cm dtrmnr l nmr d vnddrs q hn d prr n n dtrmnd trrtr).

<>Drccn prtv: ncly ls rspnsbls d sgnr trbjdrs ls trbjs spcfcs y vlr ss rsltds drmnt. L drccn prtv s ncrg d pnr n ccn ls plns dsrrllds pr ls drctvs ntrmds y ls drctvs s ncntrn n cntct drct cn ls trbjdrs d l mprs.

n clqr d ls nvls, ls jctvs dbn tnr dvrss cldds pr tnr xt, grpds n ls sgnts tps: tcncs, hmns y rflxvs.

<>Cldds tcncs: sn ls spcts tcncs cncr dl trbj q n jrc, pr pdr cmncrs fczmnt cn ls sbrdnds y sprrs.

<>Cldds hmns: ld sbr mntnr bns rlcns hmns cn l qp d trbj.

<>Cldds rflxvs: cnsstn n tnr l cpcdd nfcr ls prblms d frm dcd y prstr slcns l rspct.

Pr cnsgr ls rcrss, l mprs rqr d ns fnds, vcs dspn d lls, y trs db bscrls fr. n l fncn fnncr d l mprs, s dstngn ds fctrs: l gstn cnmc (rntd cnsgr bnfc), y l cptlzcn y cptcn d fnds y s gstn (ctcn fnncr d l mprs).

Ls bjtvs d l fncn fnncr sn: d plnfccn (ncsdds d fnnccn y xcdnts prvsts), d ssr (sbr l vbldd fnncr), y d dcsn (ptnd ntr fnnccn nvrsn). L fncn fnncr l dsrrll n l mprs l dprtmnt fnncr, cys bjtvs sn:

L gstn d ls rcrss fnncrs mdnt l cncmnt d ls rcrss prps.

L plnfccn. ssrnd sbr l plnfccn strtgc fnncr.

l cntrl. Dfnnd n strctr rgnztv cn rs d rspnsbldd: ndds d ngrss (bjtvs d ngrss tnr), ndds d cst, ndds d gst (prspst), ndds d bnfc (fjndls bnfc), y ndds d nvrsn (l rntbldd q pdn tnr). st cntrl s gnr mdnt l cntrl prspstr.

l dprtmnt fnncr tn ds rs d ctcn: l gstn fnncr (tsrr, cbr d cnts…), y l cntrl d l gstn (prspsts, plnfccns d nvrsns…).

l cncpt d cmnccn, l lrg d l hstr, h sd dfnd, pr dfrnts prsns, d my dvrss frms.

s, s ntnd pr cmnccn l trnsfrnc , trnsmsn, d nfrmcn d n msr n rcptr, d tl mnr q, st l cmprnd, s ntnd l q l qrn trnsmtr; tmbn s ntd pr cmnccn, l prcs mdnt l cl ls prsns cmprtn sgnfcds, trnsmtnd mnsjs smblcs.

Lgrr q n cmnccn s fcz, s mprtnt pr ls drctvs y dmnstrdrs d l mprs pr vrs rzns, ntr ls q cb dstcr, d n prt, l cmnccn s l prcs q ls prmt fctr ls trs rls d s crg y, d tr prt, l hch d q ls drctvs ddcn n prt my sstncl d s tmp l cmnccn rl y scrt, cm dmstrn nmrss stds rlzds.

L fccd l cmnccn s, tmbn, mprtnt pr l rgnzcn mprs n s cnjnt. L cmnccn s l mcnsm q nlz ntr lls ls prsns prtnncnts l rgnzcn, cn l bjt d lgrr prpsts cmns. L prp strctr rgnztv s, n s snc, n cmplj dsñ d rds d cmnccn (rlcn) dntr d n grp hmn, cnt myr db sr l ntrdpndnc d ls lmnts d n rgnzcn, myr sr l ncsdd d crdncn y, ll, ncmnt pd lgrrs trvs d l cmnccn, q prprcn ls mmbrs ntgrnts d qll nfrmcn fndmntl pr ss ctcns, s cm lnt y mtvcn pr rlzr ss cmtds.

L cmnccn, tmbn, rlcn l mprs cn l mnd xtrr y s n d ls ccs d ntrccn ntr l sstm brt cn l md. n st sntd, l prmcn cmrcl, l pblcdd y ls rlcns d l mprs cn l rst dl mnd n gnrl, sn xprsns d l cmnccn mprs - md

L frm ms rznbl d rslvr ls cnflcts cnd n s tn cntrl sbr ls cntcmnts s mdnt l ngccn.

Cncpt d ngccn

Hy prsns q ntndn q n n ngccn n prt gn y tr prd, y trs prsns q pnsn q mbs dbn gnr. Sn mbrg, pr q l ngccn s d n cndcns ptms s ncsr q: ls prts bndnn ss pstrs ncls pr ncntrr n slcn, ngcnd cn hnrdz, sncrdd y bn f, vtnd ptcns mpsbls, y sbnd q l flt d crd pd prjdcr mbs prts.

lmnts d n ngccn

L ngccn pd llvrs cb d dvrss frms, n fncn d ls lmnts q ntrvnn n ll:

Drctmnt ntr ls ntrsds: l ngccn fct pc gnt.

Mdnt rprsntnts d ls prts ntrsds: cn cpcdd d dcsn.

Mdnt n trcr lmnt ntrl, q pd sr: n cncldr (prsn jn l rgn q xhrt nm pr lcnzr n crd bnfcs pr ls prts), n mddr (tn ls trs d cncldr, y fclt y prpn rcmndcns pr l slcn dl cnflct), n rbtr (q prpn slcns).

L mprs, pr cmplr ss bjtvs, rlz ns ctvdds q hy q nlzr, cntrlr y mjrr cnstntmnt pr mntr s fcc. ll rqr lbrr n dcmntcn n l q qd rfljd y srv d rfrnc. L dcmntcn pd dfrncrs ntr ntrn, xtrn y mxt:

<>Dcmntcn ntrn: srv ntrnmnt l mprs (jmpl: nfrms prdcs d gstn).

<>Dcmntcn xtrn: s rlz pr rlcnrs cn l xtrr: ccnsts, rgnsms pblcs (Hcnd, SS…), prvdrs, clnts…

<>Dcmntcn mxt: s l q s tlz tnt ntrn cm xtrnmnt (jmpl: lgn dcmntcn cntbl pr prsntr Hcnd).

Tmbn pd dstngrs ntr dcmnts d lbr ccs, rstrngds y cnfdncls, sgn s rstrnj s lbrtd d ccs y cncmnt; y pd dstngrs ntr dcmntcn blgtr y vlntr.

L dcmntcn d l mprs ps pr n sr d fss pr s lbrcn:

<>Fs d ncsdd: srg pr cbrr n ncsdd d nfrmcn, cntrl…

<>Fs d dsñ: lbrcn dl dcmnt pr cmplr s bjtv.

<>Fs d rlzcn cmplmntcn: rllnr l dcmnt.

<>Fs d dstrbcn: nv dl dcmnt l rgnsm prtnnt.

<>Fs d rchv: clsfccn y lmcnmnt dl dcmnt.

<>Fs d rcprcn: psbldd d ccdr l dcmnt.

Hy n d, ls tcnlgs d l nfrmcn y l cmnccn hn fcltd st lbr n cnt l lbrcn, lmcnmnt y nv d l nfrmcn n ls dcmnts prtnnts.

L mprs s n ndd d prdccn cy fn s prtr vlr ñdd cmbnnd ls fctrs d prdccn sgn n fncn d trnsfrmcn dtrmnd. S trt d n prcs cntn d trnsfrmcn d dspnbldds n nvrsns (ttl prclmnt) n l q cd ccl db rprsntrs cm: Dnr?Mrcncs?Dnr. Pr tnt, l rndmnt ptm d l mprs vn dd pr l cmbncn d nvrsn, q tngn n mnm d sgrdd, cn l mxm crcn d tldd psbl.

Td ll spn q l mprs trtr d mntr s ptrmn pr sgrrs s ftr, l q mplc gnrr rntbldd. Dsd n pnt d vst fnncr, pr cnsgr stbldd cnmc, s ncsr: dspnr d ls rcrss ncsrs n l mmnt dcd y l mnr cst psbl.

L crcn d n pqñ mprs ps pr vrs fss:

<>d d ngc: n prmr lgr hy q tnr n d d ngc, y dbms cmprbr s pdr tnr xt. Pr ll, s rcrr ds fnts: l tst d l d, q sn ns prgnts q s hcn n msm sbr cmprdrs, prdcts srvcs, cmptdrs…; y cntrstr l d cn trs prsns: cn scs, prsns cn xprnc, sccns d mprsrs, cnsmdrs…

<>Dsrrll d l d: n sgnd lgr, hy q rlzr n dscrpcn dtlld dl prdct srvc q qr ntrdcrs n l mrcd. s prcs slccnr l r d ngc, vr ls nvdds y vntjs q prt, y stblcr ls ncsdds q s prtndn cbrr.

<>Pln d mprs: n trcr lgr, s db lbrr n Pln d mprs, n l q s dbn rcgr:

<>Rsmn d l mprs: cn ls bjtvs y fctrs pr l xt.

<>mprs: s frm jrdc, gsts ncls, fnnccn, lcl…

<>Prdct srvc prdcr prstr.

<>nlss dl mrcd: vnd ls cmptdrs, dmnd, prcs…

<>Pln cmrcl: hy q dtrmnr l prdct y ss crctrstcs, l prc, l dstrbcn, l cmnccn y pblcdd, y l tncn l clnt.

<>Pln d prsnl: nmr d psts d trbj y prfls prfsnls.

<>Pln fnncr: blnc ncl, nlss dl pnt d qlbr, prvsns d prdds y gnncs drnt ls 3 prmrs ñs.

L cltr mprsrl s l cnjnt d nrms d ctcn, vlrs, ptrns d cmprtmnt, tc. q crctrzn n rgnzcn brcnd l vsn q ls mmbrs dl grp tnn tnt sbr ss rlcns xtrns n ss dstnts ntrns, cm sbr ss rlcns ntrns cn ls dms. L cltr mprsrl st, pr tnt, my rlcnd cn l flsf d l mprs.

Pr flsf d n mprs ntndms qll q d sntd n nsttcn, s dcr, dfnr s bjtv y cntnd msn, bsnds n n l hch mtrl d ls lmnts d ctcn, sn n l sstm d vlrs cn n lt grd d bstrccn n l q db dfnrs l cltr d s mprs.

L flsf d n mprs stblc ls crtrs d ctcn y s cltr fj ls nrms d cmprtmnt q srvn pr l crdncn d ls prsns ntr s y cn l prp nsttcn.

Dntr d l cltr mprsrl pdms dstngr trs lmnts q l cnfgrn: msn, vsn y vlrs.

- Msn : s l rzn d xstr d n mprs. Rprsnt s dntdd y prsnldd n l mmnt prsnt.
- Vsn : s n mgn d ftr dsd, q l mprs bsc y qr crr cn ss sfrzs y ccns.
- Vlrs : sn ls prncps smds y dsrrllds pr tds ls ntgrnts d l mprs. Hn d prsntr ls sgnts crctrstcs:
- Sr myrtrmnt cptds.
- Sr dnmcs, cm l prp mprs.
- Tnr n cntnd tc.
- Cmprmtr ls trbjdrs cn l msn y vsn d l mprs.

L cltr mprsrl v cndcnr ls pltcs mrcds pr l drccn y, pr tnt, ls pltcs d rcrss hmns.

Ls Cmpnnts dl ldrzg sn:

- nflnc: hbldd scl q ps n ldr pr cptr l vlntd d tr prsn.

- Prcs d rlcn-cmnccn: l ldrzg s n nflnc rlzd cn. y n l grp.

- Pdr: l ldrzg s pdr n rlcn, nsprbl d ls ncsdds d ls sgdrs.

- bjtvs: sgnfctvs pr l ldr, rgnzcn, sgdrs y clbrdrs.

- Vlrs: q tp d rgnzcn s ds, fctr hmn, tc.

Jm Kzs y Brry Psnr , n s lbr l dsf dl ldrzg, sstnn q l ldrzg s n cmn d ds vs. S bs n n rlcn lbrl ntr l ldr, q g y ntrn, y ls sgdrs, q ctn. n prt l vsn; l tr, ls ds y nrgs pr dr cmplmnt l vsn. l fndmnt d st mprtnt rlcn s l crdbldd dl ldr.

Kzs y Psnr dscbrrn q pr cmprndr cn prcsn l tm dl ldrzg n rslt sfcnt l std d ls prctcs dl ldr, sn tmbn nvstgr qlls q sn ldrds. sts sgdrs, n td tp d rgnzcns, tnn xpcttvs crc d l q qrn y vlrn n n ldr. sts xpcttvs, n vz q s lcnzn, rprsntn ls crctrstcs q s hn ncntrd n ls ldrs fctvs.

Ls crctrstcs d ls ldrs fctvs sn:

Hnstdd : sn xcpcns, l trbt q td mpld mncn n prmr trmn s l hnstdd, y s cnscnc ntrl, l cnsstnc. Qrn ldrs n ls q pdn cnfr y ls q crr. Sn s cnfnz, l qp s mntn sld.

Cmptnc : ls sgdrs ncstn sbr q s ldr ps n cntrl mpl sbr ls prcns. Qrn ldrs q ntndn s prsnl y rgnzcn, y q spn hcr q ls css crrn.

nsprcn : Ls ldrs dbn sr cpcs d cmncr ss sñs cn l ntssm y xctcn sfcnts pr nsprr ss sgdrs r jnts trs d ss sñs.

Vsn : Ls sgdrs dpndn d l vsn d s ldr pr lgrr n sntd cmn d drccn. Ls bns ldrs n sl hcn q ss sgdrs prcn l cnjnt: ls ydn cmprndr s lgr mprtnc dntr d s cnjnt.

Trs l Sgnd Grr Mndl, l mrc d l cprcn ntrncnl s dsrrll mplmnt y stv cntrd n rgnsms cm l rgnzcn rp d Cprcn cnmc (C), l TN y l Cnsj d rp, q prtnd l dfns d l lgtmdd dmcrtc d ls stds rps.
Mdnt l Trtd d Prs (1951) s crl Cmndd rp dl Crbn y l cr (CC), frmd pr lmn, Frnc, Blgc, Lxmbrg, Pss Bjs tl.

n 1957, n Rm, s frmrn ls trtds cnstttvs d l Cmndd cnmc rp (C) q prtnd l cnstrccn d n mrcd cmn rp, y d l Cmndd rp d l nrg tmc (RTM), q prtnd l ntgrcn dl sctr nclr.
n l prcs d ntgrcn rp, s hn smd, ls ss mmbrs ncls, ls sgnts mdnt Trtds d dhsn: Rn nd, Grn Brtñ rlnd dl nrt, Dnmrc (1972), Rpblc Hlnc (1979), spñ y Prtgl (1986), Sc, Fnlnd y str (1994), dz stds (Chpr, Rp. Chc, stn, Ltn, Ltn, Hngr, Mlt, Pln, slvq y slvn n 2004), Blgr y Rmn (2007), y Crc (2013).

L tn trs tps d fnts dl Drch cmntr: ls fnts d drch prmr rgnr, ls fnts d drch scndr drvd, y ls fnts dl drch sbsdr.

DRCH PRMR RGNR
Ls fnts d Drch prmr stn frmds pr ls trtds cnstttvs d ls Cmndds (cm l Trtd Cnstttv d l CC, l d l C lg llmd TF, y l d l RTM) y pr ls trtds q ls mdfcn (cnvns sbr dtrmnds nsttcns cmns, ct Únc rp, Trtd d l ...), s cm pr ls Trtds d dhsn.
l Drch prmr prsnt lgns crctrstcs tpcs dl cnsttcnlsm mdrn, cm:
- Smltd ntr ls prts d ls Trtds y ls Cnsttcns (bjtvs, nrms mtrls, dvsn d pdrs, rglcn d rgns, sstm d fncnmnt, mcnsms d prtccn d ls drchs).
- Sn ls nrms jrrqcmnt sprrs dl drch cmntr ls q prvlcn cn rspct ls trs fnts dl drch cmntr.
- Ls Trtds stn smtds n rgmn d rfrm rgd, cm ls Cnsttcns (pr rlzr n rfrm, hy q cnvcr n Cnvncn pr prbr d cmn crd ls mdfccns prtnnts).
- l Drch rgnr tn fcc drct sbr ls sjts dstntrs d l nrm cnd cntnn n mndt clr, n cndcnd, n smtd rsrv, n spdtd n trmn.

DRCH SCNDR DRVD
l drch scndr drvd sn l cnjnt d nrms y cts cmntrs mnds d ls nsttcns d l . S dstng ntr cts lgsltvs, cts dlgds, cts d jccn, cts cnvncnls y cts tpcs.
cts lgsltvs: Ls cts lgsltvs stn cmpsts pr l rglmnt, l drctv y l dcsn, q sn nrms blgtrs, y pr ls rcmndcns y dctmns, q sn cts d crctr n vnclnt. L rglcn d tds prc n l Trtd d Fncnmnt d l nn rp (TF).
l Rglmnt: Prsnt ls sgnts crctrstcs:
- Sn dspscns d crctr gnrl.
- Sn blgtrs n tds ss lmnts.
- Sn drctmnt plcbls n cd std mmbr.

L Drctv: Prsnt ls sgnts crctrstcs:
- L drctv s cnsdr n crtr d ntrprtcn dl drch ntrn,
cy fn s rmnzr ls lgslcns d ls stds mmbrs.
- s n nrm q blg l std mmbr dstntr cnsgr ls rsltds sprds.
- s blgtr n cnt ss fns, pr n n cnt ss mds. s dcr, l drctv lg l rsltd q prfr, y d lbrtd pr cnsgrl d l frm n q s stm prtn.
- Ls drctvs dptds cn rrgl l prcdmnt lgsltv rdnr srn frmds pr l Prsdnt dl Prlmnt rp y pr l Prsdnt dl Cnsj, y s pblcrn n l Dr fcl d l .
- Ls drctvs dbn sr mtvds y s rfrrn ls prpsts dctmns prcptvmnt rcbds.
S dstngn ds tps d drctvs: ls drctvs mrc (fjn ls lns bscs d n mtr), y ls drctvs dtllds (rgln n mtr d frm mpl). n l mbt lbrl, dstcn ls Drctvs n mtrs d Sld Lbrl.
L Dcsn: Prsnt ls sgnts crctrstcs:
- s d lcnc ndvdl. Ss dstntrs pdn sr stds,
prsns fscs jrdcs.
- Sn blgtrs n tds ss lmnts pr tds ss dstntrs.
- Ls dcsns q ndqn n dstntr s ntfcrn ls msms y srtrn fct n vrtd d dch ntfccn.
- Ls dcsns dptds cn rrgl l prcdmnt lgsltv rdnr srn frmds pr l Prsdnt dl Prlmnt rp y pr l Prsdnt dl Cnsj, y s pblcrn n l Dr fcl d l .
- Ls dcsns dbn sr mtvds y s rfrrn ls prpsts dctmns prcptvmnt rcbds.
Ls rcmndcns y ls dctmns: Ls Rcmndcns sn cts q nvtn rlzr n dtrmnd cmprtmnt s dstnr, cn n crctr n vnclnt. Ls Dctmns sn cts q xprsn n pnn vlrcn sbr n tm, cn n crctr n vnclnt.
cts dlgds: Ls cts dlgds sn cts q s rlzn pr cmpltr mdfcr lgns lmnts n sncls dl ct lgsltv (cntnds, lcnc, drcn d l dlgcn d pdrs...).
cts d jccn: Ls cts d jccn sn ls cts dptds pr l jccn d ls cts jrdcmnt vnclnts d l nn.
cts cnvncnls: Cnfrmn ls crds ntrncnls frmds ntr l y n trcr ps rgnzcn, ls crds ntr stds mmbrs, y ls crds ntr ls prps nsttcns d l .
cts tpcs: Ls cts tpcs sn ls cts q pdn sr dptds pr ls nsttcns d l . Sn cts d lcnc ntrn, srgds d l prctc d ls nsttcns, n prvsts n ls Trtds.
L DRCH SBSDR: JRSPRDNC DL TJ, L DRCH NTRNCNL, LS PRNCPS Y L CSTMBR
l D s n nstrmnt nrmtv q tlz l Trbnl d Jstc n l lbrcn d s jrsprdnc. n l mbt cmntr, hy ds tps d prncps n l drch cmntr: ls prncps cnsttcnls (cm l n dscrmncn), y ls prncps gnrls dl Drch Cmntr (drvds d l ntrprtcn d ls nrms q hc l Trbnl d Jstc d l (TJ)). Cn rspct l cstmbr, s prsnc s ndsctbl n l sstm cmntr.

N s pd hblr d dnmc d grps sn hblr d Krt Lwn (1890-1947), s fnddr.

S nvstgcn n l cmp d l Pscsclg, l llv plntr vlss hptss, prtr nstrmnts d nvstgcn y tcncs d prndzj. Dstc d ss trbjs y xprmnts rlcnds cn l std d ls grps ls ddcds l ldrzg y ss dstnts stls, l clm y chsn d ls grps, dnmc y vlcn.

Pr Lwn y Dtsch xstn trs frms bscs d ntrctr ls stdnts n l scl:

. Pdn cmptr ntr s pr vr qn s l mjr.

b. Pdn trbjr ndvdlmnt pr cnsgr n mt sn prstr tncn ls trs stdnts.

c. Pdn trbjr cprtvmnt stnd cd n ntrsd n l trbj d ls trs tnt cm n l sy prp.

sts trs frms d ntrccn dpndn d ls dstnts strctrs d mts n ls grps:

Cprtv: s qll n l q ls mts d ls ndvds sprds vn tn nds q xst n crrlcn pstv ntr ls cnscncs lgrs d ss bjtvs. n ndvd lcnz s bjtv s, y sl s, tmbn ls trs prtcpnts lcnzn l sy.

Cmpttv:s qll n l q ls mts d ls prtcpnts pr sprd stn rlcnds ntr s d tl frm q xst n crrlcn ngtv ntr ls cnscncs d ss bjtvs. n ndvd lcnzr s bjtv sl s ls trs n lcnzn l sy.

ndvdlst:s qll n l qn xst crrlcn lgn ntr l cnsccn d ls bjtvs d ls prtcpnts. L cnsccn d s bjtv pr prt d n prtcpnt n nfly n nngn sntd n l cnsccn dl sy pr prt d ls dms prtcpnts.

Cncpt

L mtvcn hmn ld l cncpt d mtv: l mtv s l rzn d n cmprtmnt. s, l mtvcn s l mcnsm psclgc sbycnt n cmprtmnt q s drg cnscnt ncnscntmnt n fn y q pd prsntr grds vrbls d ctvcn.

l prcs mtvcnl s l prcs mntl q rg l slccn d n cmprtmnt cncrt y s ntnsdd, n n stcn dd, n rlcn l prcpcn ndvdl d ls mtvs prsnts.

l mcnsm d l mtvcn s n mcnsm hmsttc q tnd rstrr n qlbr ntrn. st qlbr pd vrs ltrd pr n stml ncntv, pr n mtv q l sjt ntrprt cm n ncsdd.

2.-Trs

H hbd dvrss trs y cntrbcns n l cmp d l mtvcn:

<>Mslw: Mslw rlz l prncpl cntrbcn, pnnd d mnfst l ncpcdd pr mtvr ncsdds y stsfchs.

<>Tr bfctrl, Hrzbrg (1969): Pr Hrzbrg, l trbj n s msm s n mprtnt mtvdr y l stsfccn n l msm dpndr d dvrss fctrs. L stsfccn s sc fctrs ntrnscs dl trbj (lgrs, dsrrll prsnl…), y l nstsfccn dpnd dl ntrn y crcnstnc lbrl (slr, cndcns mtrls d trbj, cpcdd drctv d ls jfs…).

<>Tr d l dcsn, Vrm<> (1967): spn q l sr hmn s cmprt d frm q cnsg l mxm d stsfccn, sgnd nprcs rcnl. st tr prpn q: clqr ct, s l sc n rsltd; clqr rsltd, s l sc n grd d stsfccn-nstsfccn; cd cmprtmnt, s l sc prvmnt n xpcttv d rsltds; d frm rcnl, l sjt slccn cmprtmnts cys rsltds tngn l mxm stsfccn.

<>Tr d ls xpcttvs: n prsn s sntr mtvd ctr d n dtrmnd frm s cr q pd dsrrllr s cmprtmnt, mxm s s cmprtmnt l rprt cnscncs pstvs. md d jmpl: n prr str ms mtvd s s mpñ n rlzr n tr q cnsdr q pd rlzr, sbr td s st l tr cnscncs pstvs.

<>Tr d l qdd, dms (1962): dms plnt l tr dl stblcmnt d l cndct hc l qdd. L tr d l qdd: nlz ls sfrzs y rsltds d cd prsn, tn n cnt l cmprcn tlzd pr ls prsns, std ls cndcns q llvn prcbr l qdd nqdd, y std ls ctcns pr sprmr l snscn d nqdd.

Prcss d l mtvcn

n l cndct hmn, cnd s ct pr n mtv, s prdcn trs fss:

<>Fs d crnc: prc n ncsdd, n flt q prtrb l nrml fncnmnt dl ndvd, rmpnd l qlbr y prcnd n crnc.

<>Fs dnmc: cnd srg s ncsdd, sl drs n mpls l ctcn, mpls cy bjtv s rmpr l dsqlbr q llv sntr n ncsdd.

<>Fs cnsmtr: l ndvd tnd l cnsccn d n bjtv (cncd cm ncntv) q srv pr stsfcr l ncsdd.

Sn rlcns lbrls ls q rnn ls sgnts nts cnfgrdrs:

<>Trbj hmn y prsnl: l trbj db sr rlzd pr n prsn fsc, d n md prsnlsm.

<>Trbj lbr y vlntr: l trbj db sr prstd lbr y vlntrmnt.

<>Trbj prdctv: l Drch dl Trbj sl s plc l trbj prdctv rlzd pr sgrr mds d vd y sbsstnc, cmb d n rtrbcn.

<>Trbj pr cnt jn: mplc n smr ls rsgs dl trbj y n prprs d ls frts dl msm, q srn trbds l mprsr.

<>Trbj dpndnt: n l q l trbjdr st bj l drccn dl mprsr.

n cntrpscn, hy n sr d rlcns lbrls qdn fr dl mbt d plccn dl Drch Lbrl. Ésts sn:

<>Ls q prstn srvcs n rgmn d Drch pblc (fncnrs prsnl dmnstrtv dl std).

<>Ls prstcns prsnls blgtrs: sn cnsdrds n dbr lgl pr rzns d tldd cmntr.

<>ctvdds rlcnds cn l crg d cnsjr mmbr d ls rgns d l dmnstrcn: n ls mprss q tngn l frm jrdc d scdd, rlznd sl ls lbrs rltvs l crg d cnsjr.

<>Ls trbjs rlzds ttl d mstd, bnvlnc bn vcndd: pr n sr rmnrds.

<>Ls trbjdrs fmlrs: mns q s dmstr l cndcn d slrds, qdnd, d st mnr, cm smlds trbjdrs tnms fcts d SS.

<>Ls q rlzn prcns mrcntls pr cnt d n ms mprsrs: s nclyn q ls ttlrs d n rgnzcn mprsrl tnm, ls gnts d sgr, y ls crrspnsls n bnqrs q s ddcn l cbrnz d ltrs y fcts cmrcls.

<>Ls q trbjn pr cnt prp: cys rlcns s smtrn l dspst n l nrmtv dl sttt dl Trbjdr tnm y s Rglmnt d Dsrrll.

<>Clqr tr trbj q s fct n vrtd d n rlcn dstnt d l lbrl, tl y cm h sd cnfgrd: l rdnmnt jrdc rccn frnt psbls frds pr l tlzcn ndbd d ls cntrts mrcntls pr vtr l plccn d l nrmtv lbrl. jmpl d ll s l fnmn dl tltrbj, q st dnd lgr l prcn d crts frms d prstcn d srvcs n rgmn d tnm, q tn rsgs cmns cn l trbj slrd.

Ls fnts dl Drch sn l cnjnt d nrms y prncps d plccn gnrl plcbl n cs plntd. n l mbt lbrl (rt. 3 dl TRT), ls rlcns lbrls s rgln:

- Pr ls dspscns lgls y rglmntrs dl std.

- Pr ls cnvns clctvs.

- Pr l vlntd d ls prts (mnfstd n l cntrt d trbj).

- Pr ls ss y cstmbrs lcls y prfsnls.

Dspscns lgls y rglmntrs dl std: Ls dspscns lgls y rglmntrs s plcrn sgn l prncp d jrrq nrmtv. Ls rglmntrs dsrrllrn nrms y cndcns d trbj lbrls smpr q sn crds ls dspsts pr ls lgls, st s, smpr q rsptn ls prncps d ls nrms d rng sprr.

Ls Cnvns clctvs: Ls Cnvns clctvs sn n nrm spcfc dl Drch Lbrl frt dl crd ntr ls sndcts y ls mprsrs, n l q s fjn ls cndcns d ls rlcns d trbj nclds n s mbt d plccn. xstn trs mnfstcns d l tnm clctv, cm: ls cnvns clctvs xtrstttrs, y ls crds clctvs d mprs, ngcds ntr l drccn d l mprs y l rprsntcn d ls trbjdrs.

l cntrt d trbj: n l cntrt d trbj, ls prts cntrtnts, mdnt n cntrt pct, pdn stblcr drchs y blgcns n rlcn l trbj (pr l q pd dcrs q l cntrt ndvdl cmpl n fncn nrmtv, y q n l s rgln cndcns lbrls). Cn l crss, s h ntntd flxblzr ls cndcns lbrls mdnt Cnvns Clctvs crds d mprs (jmpl d ll h sd l drcn mxm d ls cntrts d drcn dtrmnd y ls nrms d ncdnmnt d dchs cntrts.

L lbrtd d ls cntrtnts s dmt ncmnt n ls sgnts spsts:

n cs d vc lgl n ls dspscns sttls y cnvncnls.

n ls mtrs rglds pr nrms dspstvs.

n bs l prncp d nrm mnm pdrn sprr ls mnms stblcds pr nrms sttls y cnvncnls, pctnd mjrs.

n ls spcts q l ly rsrv l cntrt (cm l dtrmncn d l ntrlz dl trbj cntrtd l clsfccn prfsnl y drcn dl cntrt).

L cstmbr lbrl (nrm cnstdnr: L cstmbr lbrl s n nrm gnrc dl Drch dl trbj d rgn xtrsttl, crd mpst pr l s scl. Pr q s plq, tnn q drs vrs rqsts:

s plcbl n dfct d ly (pr sr n fnt sbsdr).

Db sr lct, y n cntrr l mrl y l rdn pblc.

Db sr prbd pr qn l lg. Db sr d mbt lcl y prfsnl.

Pdr&ct;n cntrtr l prstc&ct;n d s trbj:

- Ls q tngn cpcdd pln d trbjr cnfrm l dspst n l C&ct;dg Cvl.

- Ls j&ct;vns d ntr 16-18 &ntld;s q vvn d frm ndpndnt, cn l cnsntmnt d ss pdrs ttrs.

- Ls xtrnjrs, crd l dspst n l Ly d xtrnjr&ct; (Lx).

L cndcn fmnn n l mbt lbrl

n l mnd lbrl, l dsgldd ntr hmbrs y mjrs s h vst n mlttd d csns (mnr rtrbcn cnmc, prs trbjs…).

l sttt jrdc lbrl d l mjr

l prncp gnrl d n dscrmncn h sd bjt d rcncmnt ntrncnl, rcgd n dvrss dcmnts lgls (Cnvn d l T, Crt Scl rp, Trtd cnstttv d l Cmndd rp…). n spñ, st prncp s prclm n l C cn crctr gnrl, y d frm prtclr, rfrd l lbr lccn d prfsn, l rmnrcn y l prmcn trvs dl trbj. s ncsr n prncp d n dscrmncn y d gldd n cnt l ccs l trbj y ls rlcns n l msm.

Dscrmncns pstvs y drchs pr l cnclcn d l vd lbrl y fmlr

S dbn stblcr mdds d ccn pstv pr cntrrrstr stcns d dsgldd ntr hmbrs y mjrs (crss spcls d FP pr mjrs, nclsn d fmnt d mpl d bnfccns d ctzcn l SS pr cntrtcn d mjrs…). st gldd d sxs xg l dsprcn d ls dscrmncns fvrbls pr l mjr. l mprsr q vlnr l prncp d n dscrmncn str sjt rspnsbldd dmnstrtv pr flt my grv, pdnd llgr sncn pnl s n s sbsn l sncn dmnstrtv (6 mss-2 ñs d crcl).

Trbjs prhbds pr rzns d sgrdd y sld n l trbj

l prncp d gldd h llvd q l mjr n pd trbjr n dtrmnds trbjs (mnr, trbj nctrn) q pdn sr stcn d rsg n spsts d mtrndd y prd d lctnc.

n vrtd dl CT, l trbjdr s cmprmt prstr n srvc, pr tmbn smr tr sr d dbrs ndpndnts d l ctvdd lbrl: l dbr d dlgnc, l dbr d bn f, y l dbr d bdnc.

<>Dbr d dlgnc: L dlgnc s l plccn d l vlntd l rlzcn dl trbj pr btnr l rndmnt dcd (tnt clttv, cm cntttvmnt). l ct dlgnt mplc l cncmnt dl nvl q s l xg l trbjdr y ls nrms q rgln s rlcn lbrl (nrms lgls y sctrls, rdns dl mprsr, l prp CT, y ls ss y cstmbrs).

L dsmncn dl rndmnt sn css d ps prmtr l mprsr rlzr n rdccn slrl, y s fs cntnd y grv pdr sr sncnd ncls cn l dspd.

<>Dbr d bdnc: l drch d bdnc s bsc n l trbjdr. st db cmplr cn ls rdns nstrccns dl mprsr smpr q sts stn rfrds l trbj cnvnd q s dctn n l jrcc rglr d ls fcltds d drccn.

Pr ll, l trbjdr pd dsbdcr tds qlls rdns q n s rfrn l prp rlcn lbrl q dñn s prsn prfsnldd. bvnd sts css, l n ctr ls rdns lgtms cnstty n ncmplmnt cntrctl q, d sr grv, pd mtvr l dspd prcdnt (T, rt. 54.2).

<>Dbr d bn f: st dbr n s sl dl trbjdr, sn tmbn dl mprsr. l dbr d bn f ncly ls sgnts mnfstcns:

<>Dbr d scrt: sbr td l rfrd l ngc xpltcn dl mprsr. <>Prhbcn d sbrn: d q l trbjdr rcb clqr vntj (prpns, rgls) pr q ncmpl ss dbrs lbrls. <>Prhbcn d rcbr grtfccns: sn cncmnt dl mprsr pr s ntrvncn cnclsn d ngcs. <>Prhbcn d cncrrnc dsll: pd mnfstrs d ds frms: cn n pct d pln ddccn (n l q l trbjdr prst ss srvcs n nc mprsr xclsvmnt, pdnd sr rscndd pr l trbjdr cn n prvs n n plz d 30 ds), cn n pct d n cmptnc (n l q l mprsr l d n cmpnscn cnmc l trbjdr pr q n cntrby l cmptnc ntr s mprs y trs n ls q hy trbjd). <>Pct d prmnnc: q cnsst n l sgrmnt d l drcn dl CT y n n l xclsn d ctvdds cncrrnts. l crd n pd sr sprr 2 ñs y db frmlzrs pr scrt. S l trbjdr bndn nts, l mprsr tndr drch n ndmnzcn pr dñs y prjcs.

l ncmplmnt dl dbr d bn f s n flt sncnbl pr l mprsr, ncls cn l dspd dscplnr, sgn l grvdd d l stcn.

Dntr d l rdncn dl tmp lbrl, xst:

<>L drcn dl tmp d trbj jrnd: s n cncpt cntttv q ld l cntdd d tmp q l trbjdr ddcr l prstcn d srvcs. n rlcn l msm, s dlmtn ls tmps d trbj fctv, s dstrbcn tmprl y ls dscnss drnt l jrnd y ntr ls msms. <>L dstrbcn dl tmp d trbj hrr: s n cncpt clttv q ld cm s dstrbyn n l d ls mmnts xcts d trbj y dscns, y l fjcn d ls hrs d ntrd y sld.

Ls vrcns q fctn n pdn rprctr n l tr. n ls pss dsrrllds, s ntrvn pr lmtr l tmp d trbj pr rzns hmntrs y cnmcs (dfns fsc y mrl dl trbjdr, sld…).

Cncpts:

dctrn y lgl

L dctrn dfn l slr cm l trbcn ptrmnl, fjd lgl cnvncnlmnt, cm cntrprstcn ncd d l rlcn lbrl, bnd pr l mprsr pr rtrbr l trbjdr pr ss srvcs.

l cncpt lgl trby crctr slrl tds ls prcpcns cnmcs d ls trbjdrs, nq lgns n tnn ntrlz slrl, cm: ls cntdds prcbds pr l trbjdr n cncpt d ndmnzcns cm cnscnc d s ctvdd lbrl, ls prstcns ndmnzcns d l SS, ls ndmnzcns pr trslds, sspnsns y dspds, y clqr tr grtfccn pr prt dl mprsr vlntrmnt.

Sgnfccn jrdc, cnmc y scl

Jrdcmnt, l fncn dl slr s rmnrr l trbj rlzd. Dsd l pnt d vst scl, l slr s ncrg d prcrr l mntnmnt sbsstnc dl trbjdr (C, rt. 35). cnmcmnt, l slr s l prc d l mrcnc q s l trbj. st trpl fncn jrdc, cnmc y scl dl slr jstfc l ntrvncn dl Drch pr grntzr s fctv prcpcn.

Clss d slrs

Ls slrs s clsfcn n fncn dl crtr dptd: st l slr pr ndd d tmp, d br y mxts, y l slr n mtlc y n spc.

Slr pr ndd d tmp, d br y mxts: st tp d slr tlz l crtr d mdl d fjcn, q dmt ls vrtnts d tmp, br y mxts.

Slr pr ndd d tmp: s ql slr rtrbd n fncn d l drcn dl srvc. st drcn ld l jrnd rdnr lbrl pctd (d frm q s s mpl s rdc, l slr vrr). Slr pr ndd d br d rsltd: s ql slr rtrbd n fncn d ls rsltds btnds pr l trbjdr (s n s h lcnzd l nvl prfjd, hy grnts pr prcbr l slr rltv l ndd d tmp trbjd). n st mdldd, s ncly: l trbj pr trs (rlzr n dtrmnd cntdd d trbj n n tmp prfjd), y l trbj dstj. Slrs mxts: s n cmbncn d ls ds mdls ntrrs, hbnd n prt fjd pr ndd d tmp grntzd (l slr bs), y tr prt vrbl q dpnd dl rndmnt btnd pr l trbjdr (ncntvs).

Slrs n mtlc y n spc: n st cs, l crtr ld l bn cnmc tlzd n l cmplmnt d l blgcn rtrbtv, q pd sr n dnr n spc (T, rt. 26).

Slr n mtlc: cnsst n l ntrg d n cntdd d dnr n mnd d crs lgl. Slr n spc: cnsst n n prstcn dstnt dl dnr (ljmnt, mntncn, smnstrs), sn q xcd dl 30% dl ttl d ls prcpcns slrls dl trbjdr. (st tp d slr sr dmtd s st prvst n ls nrms lgls cnvncnls vgnts, s f pctd.

Fnts rgldrs

L rglcn lgl dl slr s ncly n ls sgnts fnts: fnts gnrls, fnts sctrls, cntrt d trbj ndvdl, y n ls ss y cstmbrs.

Fnts gnrls: sn ls nrms sttls y cmntrs. Ls cmpt l rglcn bsc d l blgcn rtrbtv, l fjcn dl slr mnm, l rdncn d ls grnts slrls y ls prstcns sstttvs dl slr. sts cmptncs prcn dspsts n vrs dcmnts lgls: C (rt. 35), T (rts. 26-33), Cnvns d l T (nº95), y Drctvs Cmntrs.

Fnts sctrls: l T (rt. 26.3) ncmnd l ngccn clctv l pct sbr l cnt y l strctr slrl. Ls cnvns stblcn ls sgnts tbls slrls:

l slr bs pr cd grp prfsnl. Ls plss prsnls y fncnls. L rtrbcn d ls hrs xtrrdnrs, ls pgs xtrrdnrs y ls vccns. Ls sstms d prms ncntvs. Ls mdldds d slr n spc. Ls prcpcns xtrslrls.

l ngccn clctv s l ncmnd ls clss d rvsn slrl y ls clsls d dsclg slrl (q prmtn l nplccn dl cnvn n mtr slrl cnd cncrrn css cnmcs, tcncs, rgnztvs d prdccn, pr crd ntr l mprs y ls rprsntnts d trbjdrs).

Cntrts d trbj ndvdl: s l md pr fjr l cnt dl slr nvl prtclr ntr ls prts cntrtnts, rsptnd l prncp d n dscrmncn y ls mnms stblcds n ls dspscns lgls y cnvncnls. S n hbr pct ndvdl, s plc l Slr Mnm Prfsnl fjd n l Cnvn Clctv dl sctr mprs.

ss y cstmbrs: tnn n ppl rsdl n l fjcn d drchs y blgcns lbrls rltvs l lgr y l fch dl pg dl slr.

(Tds ls fnts rgldrs stn sjts l prncp d gldd rtrbtv, q prhb clqr dscrmncn n st mtr pr rzns prsnls scls, tndnd tmbn xtrnjrs y hcnd spcl tncn l prncp d gldd ntr ls mjrs y ls hmbrs.)

Ls ddccns sn ls cntdds q, rstds l ttl dvngd, ns prmt btnr l lqd ttl prcbr slr nt. Hy ddccns lgls y trs d dvrs ntrlz.

Ddccns lgls

Ls ddccns lgls sn tds ls crgs fscls y d SS crg dl trbjdr q srn stsfchs pr l msm. s n nrm d drch ncsr ndspnbl pr pct pr dcsn nltrl dl mprsr, q qd blgd dtrr l ct brr l SS y l rtncn cnt dl RPF cnd s cnfccn l nmn crrspndnt dl ms.

Ls prtcns dl trbjdr l Rgmn Gnrl d l SS y dms cncpts d rcdcn cnjnt tnn n cnt q s clcl plcnd l bs d ctzcn ns prcntjs llmds tps d ctzcn q, nlmnt, fj l gbrn.

Cn rspct l rtncn ngrs cnt dl mpst sbr l Rnt d ls Prsns Fscs (RPF), ls mprss hn d ngrsr n l Hcnd Pblc l cntdd rsltnt d plcr n prcntj d rtncn sbr l rtrbcn (dnrr y n spc) mnsl sjt l RPF. Sgn l mdldd cntrbtv, pd dstngrs ntr:

Rtncn: s prctc sbr ls rtrbcns dnrrs plcnd l cnt ttl d ls prcpcns mnsls n mtlc, sjts rtncn y sbr ls cntdds n prdcs q s bnn n s ms. st cntdd vn crg dl trbjdr y sr rtrd d l nmn pr prt d l mprs. ngrs cnt: v crg d l mprs, s btn plcnd l msm tp d rtncn sbr l vlr d ls prcpcns n spc btnds pr l trbjdr n l ms q s lqd.

trs ddccns

xstn tr tp d ddccns cm:

Prdcts n spc: ls rnts n spcs s vlrrn pr s vlr nrml d mrcd. Pdn vrs ls sgnts spcs: tlzcn d vvnd (cnd s cd s s, 10% d vlr, cnd s ntrg l trbjdr, tn l vlr nrml d mrcd), tlzcn ntrg d vhcls tmvls (cn n 20% d cst d dqscn), prstms cn ntrss nfrrs l lgl dl dnr, prstcns n cncpt d mntncn, hspdj, vjs y smlrs (cnd n s dbn mtvs lbrls), ls prms ncntvs, gsts d std (pr l cntrbynt y fmlrs hst l 4º grd d cnsngndd), y ls plns d pnsns (smpr q n spr l mxm d l SS). ntcps: cnt dl trbj rlzd. Ct sndcl: s l prtcn d ls trbjdrs flds n sndct pr cntrbr s fnnccn. Cnn d ngccn: prvst n ls cnvns clctvs. Dvlcn d prstms cncdds pr l mprs. Dscnts pr hlg crr ptrnl lgl: ncly ls slrs pr ls ds n trbjds y l prrrt d ls pgs xtrrdnrs. ndmnzcn pr dñs snc d prvs n cs d xtncn d cntrt. mbrgs jdcls: q s prctcrn sbr l slr nt, nq l prt dl slr qvlnt l SM s nmbrgbl n s ttldd. Clqr tr cncpt pr blgcns cnmcs cntrds pr l trbjdr.

L rglcn lgl s ncntr n l T (rt. 61-76).

Ls dlgds d prsnl rprsntn ls trbjdrs n qlls mprss q tngn n plntll d ntr 10-50 trbjdrs:

s tn 11-30, tndr n dlgd d prsnl,

d 31-49, tndr trs;

clqr vrcn pr pct n cnt l vrcn d nmr sr nl.

S n mprs crr y ls trbjdrs psn frmr prt d l plntll d tr mprs, ls dlgds d prsnl n pdrn sgr jrcnd s crg n l tr mprs l n rprsntr tds ls trbjdrs. l jrcc dl crg d dlgd s dsrrll d frm mncmnd, dcdnd ls css pr vtcn. L lccn dl prsnl dbr rlzrs pr sfrg lbr, prsnl, scrt y drct (T, rt. 62).

Ls dlgds dbrn mntnr n dbr d sgl cn rspct l nfrmcn prprcnd pr l mprsr.

l cmt d mprs s l rgn rprsnttv y clgd dl cnjnt d ls trbjdrs n l mprs pr l dfns d ss ntrss. S crctrz pr:

Rprsnt tds ls trbjdrs d l mprs cn l fnldd d dfndr ss ntrss. ct d frm clgd, d frm q ls crds hbrn d dptrs pr myr (fctd tds ls trbjdrs n vz tmds). s n rgn q n ps ntrlz jrdc, pr cn cpcdd d brr. l mndt d ls mmbrs dl cmt (s cm l d dlgd d prsnl) sr d ctr ñs, jrcnd ss cmptncs hst nvs lccns.

L cmpscn dl cmt d mprs st rgld n l T (rt. 66), lmtnd l nmr d mmbrs q pd tnr:

50-100 trbjdrs: 5 mmbrs. 101-250 trbjdrs: 9 mmbrs. 251-500 trbjdrs: 13 mmbrs. 501-750 trbjdrs: 17 mmbrs. < hrf="tl:751-1000">751-1000 trbjdrs: 21 mmbrs. Ms d 1000: pr cd 1000, 75, mmbrs.

l cmt d mprs tn n fncnmnt dtrmnd:

lbrn n rglmnt d prcdmnt pr rglr s fncnmnt. l cmt lgr n prsdnt y n scrtr, jnt cn ss fncns. l cmt dbr rnrs, l mns, cd ds mss d frm blgtr. l cmt tndr cpcdd (cm rgn clgd) pr l jrcc d ls ccns dmnstrtvs jdcls n l rltv ss cmptncs. Ls mmbrs dl cmt tnn l blgcn dl sgl prfsnl (T, rt. 65).

prt dl cmt d mprs, hy tr cls d cmts rglds: l cmt ntrcntrs, y l cmt d mprs rp.

Cmt ntrcntrs: s n fgr jrdc q s cr pr sr n cmt d cmts, frmd pr dvrss rprsntnts d ls cmt d mprs. Cmt d mprs rp: l cmt d mprs rp s n prcdmnt d nfrmcn y cnslt ls trbjdrs n ls mprss d dmnsn cmntr.

Cntnd d l lbrtd sndcl

L C (1978) h rcncd l drch sndcrs lbrmnt cm n drch fndmntl pr tds ls spñls y rsdnts n spñ. n st sntd, s dstng nt drchs ndvdls y drchs clctvs.

Drchs ndvdls: ntr ls drchs ndvdls, s ncntrn:

Drch fndr sndcts: s pdn fndr sn trzcn dmnstrtv prv. N pdrn fndrls trbjdrs pr cnt prp, trbjdrs n pr y ls q hyn csd n s ctvdd lbrl. Drch flrs: tns drch flrt n hcrl (s cm drt d bj n ql n q sts fld). Ls fncnrs pblcs gzn dl drch l lbrtd sndcl spdtd l ntrs d l Dfns Ncnl. Ls mmbrs d ls Frzs rmds y d ls nsttts rmds d crctr mltr n pdn flrs. Ls mmbrs d Crps y Frzs d Sgrdd dl std q n tngn crctr mltr pdn flrs sgn s nrmtv spcfc. Drch lgr lbrmnt ss rprsntnts dntr dl sndct: l C xg ls sndcts q s prvn d n fncnmnt dmcrtc q hbr d rsptrs n l lccn d ls rprsntnts. Drch prtcpr n ls ccns dl sndct.

Drchs clctvs: ntr ls drchs clctvs, s ncntrn:

Drch rdctr ss sttts y rglmnt (fcltr s rgnzcn ntrn). Drch l jrcc d l ctvdd sndcl: ctvdds tnt dntr cm fr d l mprs (drch l ngccn clctv, hlg, prsntcn d cnddtrs pr l lccn d Dlgds d Prsnl y Cmts d mprs, rcdcn d cts, rnns). Drch fdrrs y cnfdrrs: tnt cn trs rgnzcns ncnls cm ntrncnls. Drch sspndr y dslvr l sndct: mdnt rslcn frm d l trdd Jdcl, fndd n n ncmplmnt grv d ls lys.

L ndd d ngccn d n CC s l cnjnt d trbjdrs y mprsrs q rsltn fctds pr l msm. L nrmtv sbr ndds d ngccn s ncntr n l T (rt. 83).

L lgtmcn s l cpcdd q ps n grp pr sr prt d n CC. S dstng ntr l lgtmcn pr ngcr cnvns d mprs y lgtmcn pr ngcr cnvns sctrls.

Cnvns d mprs d mbt nfrr l mprs:

Pr prt d ls trbjdrs, stn lgtmds: l cmt d mprs, ls dlgds d prsnl, y ls rprsntcns sndcls. Pr prt dl mprsr, st lgtmd: l mprsr ss rprsntnts, y s fr drgd vrs mprss vnclds, l rprsntnt d ls msms.

Cnvns sctrls:

Pr prt d ls trbjdrs, strn lgtmds: ls sndcts ms rprsnttvs nvl sttl, nvl d CC, y sndcts cn n mnm d 10% d ls mmbrs d ls cmt d mprs dlgds d prsnl n l mbt ggrfc y fncnl l q s rfr l cnvn. Pr prt d ls mprsrs, strn lgtmds: ls sccns mprsrls q cntn cn l 10% d ls mprsrs n l mbt ggrfc y fncnl dl cnvn y ls sccns mprsrls q tngn n 15% d trbjdrs fctds pr l cnvn.

L mvldd fncnl cnsst n n cmb d fncns prfsnls, rdnd pr l mprsr pr ncsdds d l mprs l trbjdr, rsptnd smpr s dgndd y l nrmtv lgl.

l T (rt. 39) dstng trs tps d mvldd fncnl: mvldd dntr dl grp prfsnl ntr ctgrs qvlnts; mvldd fr dl grp prfsnl ntr ctgrs n qvlnts; y mvldd fncnl q sbrps l js vrnd mprsrl.

Mvldd dntr dl grp prfsnl ntr ctgrs qvlnts: l mprsr s lbr d rdnr, sn lgcn d cs y sn lmt tmprl, n cmb d fncns n l sn d l mprs dntr dl grp prfsnl. Mvldd fr dl grp prfsnl ntr ctgrs qvlnts: l mprsr pd rdnr l trbjdr fncns n crrspndnts s grp prfsnl smpr y cnd hyn rzns tcncs rgnztvs q l jstfqn tmnd pr ll l tmp mprscndbl ncmnt. (l mprsr dbr cmncr ls rzns y s dcsn ls rprsntnts d ls trbjdrs). Mvldd fncnl q sbrps ls lmts dl js vrnd: clqr tr crd dstnt ls spsts rcgds, rqrr dl mt crd d ls prts.

Hy dvrss mdldds d xtncn dl CT: xprcn dl tmp cnvnd rlzcn d l br srvc bjt dl cntrt; frz myr; mrt jblcn dl trbjdr mprsr, xtncn d l prsnldd jrdc dl mprsr; ncpcdd prmnnt dl trbjdr; mt crd d ls prts; css cnsgnds n l CT; vlntd dl trbjdr; vctms d vlnc d gnr q bndnn s pst; css bjtvs prcdnts lglmnt; dspd clctv…

xtncn pr xprcn dl tmp cnvnd rlzcn d l br srvc bjt dl cntrt

Pr q l cntrt s xtng, db prcdr l cs d l prstcn lbrl y l dnnc dl msm (l cmnccn d l xtncn dl mprsr l trbjdr) n n plz d 15 ds. S n hy dnnc, l CT s prrrg pr tmp ndfnd.

l fnlzcn dl cntrt, l trbjdr tndr drch rcbr n ndmnzcn cnmc d 12 ds d slr pr cd ñ d srvc.

xtncn pr frz myr

l T rcg l xtncn dl CT pr frz myr.

Pr l xtncn pr frz myr, s sg st prcs: slctd d l mprs cn ls prbs q crdtn l cs d l frz myr y l xtncn dl cntrt, cmnccn ls rprsntnts lgls d ls trbjdrs, y rslcn d l trdd lbrl. Ls trbjdrs fctds tndrn drch n ndmnzcn d 20 ds d slr pr cd ñ d srvc. (Pr q s prdzc st xtncn, l cntcmnt db sr mprvsbl, nvtbl, n prvcd pr l mprsr, y q mpd dsrrllr l blgcn lbrl.)

xtncn pr jblcn dl trbjdr dl mprsr

L jblcn dl trbjdr xtng l rlcn lbrl, ccdnd ls prstcns d jblcn d l SS, smpr y cnd s hy cbrt l prd mnm d ctzcn y cmplr ls dms rqsts xgds pr l lgslcn d SS.

xtncn pr mrt ncpcdd dl trbjdr

L xtncn pr mrt dl trbjdr n gnr nngn ndmnzcn pr l fml dl trbjdr ( xcpcn d lg pctd l rspct n l CC).

L xtncn dl CT pr nvldz dl trbjdr dbr sr dclrd pr l rgnsm cmptnt d l SS y snd st ncpcdd prmnnt ttl bslt, grn nvldz (s l trbjdr nvld s rcpr, tn prfrnc d ntrd s s prdc n vcnt).

xtncn pr mrt ncpcdd dl mprsr

L mrt dl mprsr pn fn l CT, mns q s prdzc l scsn n l mprs. Rspct l ncpcdd dl mprsr, s xtng l rlcn cnd l drgnt s l dclr ncpz pr sntnc frm s l dclr n nvldz prmnnt ttl bslt grn nvldz pr prt d l SS. n mbs css, ls trbjdrs fctds prcbn n ndmnzcn qvlnt n ms d slr.

xtncn dl cntrt d trbj pr xtncn d l prsnldd jrdc d l mprs

l CT pd cbrs pr xtncn d l prsnldd jrdc dl mprsr, sgnd l prcdmnt d l xtncn d ls CT l msm q l d ls dspds clctvs, dnd l trbjdr n ndmnzcn qvlnt 20 ds d slr pr ñs d srvc cn n mxm d 12 mnsldds.

xtncn pr mt crd d ls prts

Ls prts cntrtnts pdn pnr fn l rlcn lbrl d mt crd smpr q n hy bs d drch pr prt dl mprsr y l trbjdr n rnnc drchs ndspnbls.

xtncn pr css cnsgnds vldmnt n l cntrt

Ls cntrtnts pdn pnr n l cntrt cndcns q pngn fn l CT, smpr q sn lcts y psbls.

xtncn dl cntrt d trbj pr vlntd nltrl dl trbjdr

L dmsn s l ct pr l q l trbjdr crd nltrlmnt dsstr dl CT q l lgb l mprsr. L dmsn n prcs d cs, sl d n prvs (nrmlmnt 15 ds), d frm vrbl scrt l mprsr. l trbjdr n tn drch ndmnzcn y n qd n stcn lgl d dsmpl.

l bndn s l ct prq l trbjdr pn fn l rlcn lbrl d frm nltrl pr sn mdr n cs n prvs. Pr ll, db dstndrs l trbj d frm prlngd, qdnd sn drch ndmnzcn y n n stcn d dsmpl.

Clqr ncmplmnt cntrctl pr prt dl mprsr, smpr q st fndmntd, pd llvr l trbjdr slctr l xtncn dl CT. Ls css pdn sr: mdfccns sstncls d ls cndcns d trbj sn rsptr l nrmtv y mnsprcnd l dgndd dl trbjdr; l flt d pg rtrss cntnds n l bn dl slr, y clqr tr ncmplmnt grv d ls blgcns dl mprsr, slv ls spsts d frz myr.

Pr q s prdzc l xtncn, l trbjdr db dclrr l ncmplmnt cntrctl dl mprsr nt l trdd jdcl y hst q s rslv sgr n l pst d trbj (slv bs dl trbjdr dñs l msm). L xtncn dclrd pr l jz dr drch l trbjdr prcbr ls ndmnzcns dl dspd mprcdnt y q qd n stcn lgl d dsmpl.

xtncn dl cntrt pr dcsn d l trbjdr vctm d l vlnc d gnr

l T rcg l psbldd d xtncn dl cntrt pr prt d l trbjdr q s v blgd cnscnc d sr vctm d vlnc d gnr, qdnd n stcn lgl d dsmpl.

xtncn pr css bjtvs

L mprsr pd prcdr d frm nltrl l dspd d ss trbjdrs (dspd bjtv) pr crts css bjtvs: npttd dl trbjdr, flt d dptcn dl trbjdr mdfccns tcncs, cnd cncrr lgn d ls css prvsts n l T, flts d sstnc l trbj, n jstfcds, nsfcnc d l crrspndnt cnsgncn pr l mntnmnt dl CT.

npttd dl trbjdr: l CT pd xtngrs pr npttd dl trbjdr cn pstrrdd s clccn fctv n l mprs, ntndd cm n mnrcn dl rndmnt nrml (st cs d xtncn n rcg l nvldz prmnnt ttl n l grn nvldz pst q sn css q pr s sls pnn fn l rlcn lbrl).

Flt d dptcn dl trbjdr mdfccns tcncs: l CT pdr xtngrs cnd l trbjdr, trs crss d prprcn prv y n drcn d ds mss mnm pr dptrs l pst, n cnsg rspndr pstvmnt l trbj.

Cnd cncrr lgn d ls css prvsts n l T (rt. 51.1): pd xtngrs l CT cnd s ncstn mrtzr psts d trbj pr css tcncs, rgnztvs d prdccn pr sprr ls dfcltds q mpdn l bn fncnmnt d l mprs.

Flts d sstnc l trbj, n jstfcds: l T rcg q pd prmtrs l xtncn dl CT pr flts d sstnc l trbj, n snd jstfcds, cnd sts xcdn l 20% d ls jrnds hbls n 2 mss cnsctvs, l 25% n ctr mss dscntns. N cnt cm flts ls sncs pr hlg, cs d mtrndd, rsg drnt l mbrz y lctnc, nfrmdd ccdnt lbrl y/ n lbrl, nfrms d cncr tr nfrmdd grv cnd hy sd crdd pr ls srvcs sntrs fcls y tng n drcn myr 20 ds.

n l rglcn dl prcs lbrl, s prfrbl n slcn mpst pr n trcr. Pr ll, s mpn l ncsdd d q, nts d ncrs l prcs lbrl, ls prts ntntn llgr n crd mdnt l ct d “cnclcn blgtr prv”.

L cnclcn mdcn prv y ls lds rbtrls

L cnclcn prv s n prcdmnt xtrjdcl cnfgrd pr llvr cb l trmt d prv cnclcn jc, llvd cb pr n srvc d l dm. Pblc.

L prt lgtmd prmvr l ct d cnclcn pr slctd, dntfcnd ls prts y cnsttnd ls hchs. S ctn ls prts, y sts pdn cmprcr n. S cmprcn, pd llgrs n crd n (cn vnnc sn ll); s n cmprcn, s rchv l slctd d mdcn.

Ls fcts d l cnclcn prv sn dvrss, dpndnd d s s h clbrd n, y s s h llgd n crd n: s n hy crd, pd mpnrs n dmnd, y s hy crd, l crdd tndr frz jctv ntr ls prts.

Rclmcn dmnstrtv prv gtmnt d l v dmnstrtv prv l v jdcl scl

L LJS rgl l gtmnt d l v dmnstrtv prv l v jdcl. (Cnd ls dm. Pblcs ctn cm mprsrs pdn sr prt n l prcs lbrl.) L rclmcn prv, cm prspst prcsl, srv ls fncns d mjr dfns d l dmnstrcn dmndd y vtcn dl prcs. n cnt ls dmnds n mtr d prstcns d SS, s prsntr nt l ntdd gstr d ls msms.

vlcn hstrc dl Drch d Hlg

L vlcn dl drch d hlg tn trs fss:

Prmr fs: rz dl mdl d pnsmnt q srg cn l Rv. Frncs s tpfc l hlg cm n lct pnl. Sgnd fs: mtd dl sgl XX, s cnsdr l hlg cm lbrtd, lmnnds l sncn pnl, nq s l hcn ls trbjdrs strn ncmplnd l CT. Trcr fs: s cnsdr l hlg cm drch d ls trbjdrs.

n spñ, l hlg f tpfcd cm dlt n l Cdg Pnl (1848) y s svz pstrrmnt cn l Ly d Clgcn, Hlg y Prs (1909). Drnt l 2º Rpblc, s mpd q l hlg fr n mtv d rscsn d cntrt, nq cn l lgslcn frnqst vlv cnsdrrs cm dlt. prtr dl prd d trnscn, s cnsdr l hlg cm drch fndmntl cn l C d 1978 (rt. 28).

Cntnd dl drch

L C rcnc l drch l hlg d ls trbjdrs pr l dfns d ss ntrss. s n drch d jrcc clctv q cnsst n l rlzcn d n sr d ccns pr lgrr n sr d ntrss, frt d n cnflct d crctr lbrl. Drnt l hlg, prdr l rlcn jrdc cntrctl ntr mprsrs y trbjdrs.

Rglcn lgl dl drch d hlg

L rglcn lgl dl drch d hlg qd rcgd n l C y n l RD-Ly d Rlcns d Trbj (RDLRT) (n l C s rcnc l drch l hlg d trbjdrs pr l dfns d ss ntrss; n l RDLRT s tpfc cm dlt ls cndcts q, mdnt ngñ, mpdn lmtn l drch d hlg).

Sjts dl Drch

L hlg crrspnd ls trbjdrs. s n drch ndvdl d jrcc clctv. Ls sjts ndvdls dl drch srn ls trbjdrs pr cnt jn (tnt dl sctr pblc, cm dl prvd), xcpcn d ls stdnts, jcs y ls Crps d Sgrdd dl std y Frzs rmds. Ls tnms y fncnrs pblcs n tnn rcncd l drch, pr s n mpd q pdn hcrl.

Y q l hlg srv pr dfndr ls ntrss d ls trbjdrs, l sjt psv d l hlg sr l mprsr clctv d mprsrs qns s rclm.

Hlg pltc, hlg d sldrdd, hlg nvtr

S cnsdrn cm lcts ls hlgs pltcs, d sldrdd y nvtrs (RDLRT, rt. 11):

Hlg pltc: s qll q s rlz frnt l std. Hlg d sldrdd: s l q s hcn ns trbjdrs pr pyr trs fctds pr n cnflct cn n vrs mprsrs. Hlg nvtr: s qll q tng pr bjt ltrr l pctd n n CC drnt s prd d vgnc.

n l ctldd, txt lgl bsc n vgr, n rlcn cn l Sgrdd Scl s l txt Rfndd d l Ly Gnrl d l Sgrdd Scl, prbd pr l Rl Dcrt Lgsltv 8/2015, d 30 d ctbr, pr l q s prb l txt rfndd d l Ly Gnrl d Sgrdd Scl, q sstty l txt rfndd ntrr.

l cmp d plccn dl sstm d Sgrdd Scl, s h d cnsdrr ss ds mdldds:

- Mdldd Cntrbtv.

- Mdldd N Cntrbtv sstncl.

n l Mdldd cntrbtv cmprd clqr q s s sx, std cvl y prfsn ls trbjdrs spñls y strnjrs q rsdn n spñ y ss fmlrs, smpr q jrzn s ctvdd n l trrtr ncnl y s ncntrn n lgn d ls sgnts spsts:

.- Trbjdrs pr cnt jn.

b.- Trbjdrs pr cnt prp.

c.- Trbjdrs n cprtvs d trbj scd.

d.- stdnts.

.- Fncnrs pblcs, cvls y mltrs.

n l mdldd n cntrbtv, ntgrr tds ls spñls y xtrnjrs rsdnts n l trrtr ncnl n n std d ncsdd q hn d dmstrr, prtnd l dcmntcn rqrd y mntnnd l drch q l pd sstr mntrs dr dch stcn. st mdldd n tn crctr prfsnl, pdnd ccdr l msm clqr cddn q rsd n spñ, n cbrn clqr stcn d ndsdd. Sl s tngr prstcns n cntrbtvs d ncpcdd prmnnt, jblcn, prtccn fmlr y sstnc sntr.

- ncpcdd Tmprl.

Cncpt

s l stcn d ls trbjdrs mpdds tmprlmnt pr trbjr dbd n nfrmdd cmn prfsnl n ccdnt, s n d trbj.

Rqsts:

- str fld y n lt n stcn smld l lt.

- Tnr cbrt n prd d ctzcn d: n cs d nfrmdd cmn, 180 ds, dntr d ls cnc ñs nmdtmnt ntrrs l hch csnt. Pr ccdnt, s n d trbj y d nfrmdd prfsnl n s xgr nngn prd prv d ctzcn.

Cnt d ls prstcns cnmcs:

<>nfrmdd cmn ccdnt n lbrl: s l ccnt d dvdr l bs d ctzcn pr cntngncs cmns dl trbjdr dl ms ntrr l ms prv l fch d bj, pr l nmr d ds q crrspnd dch ctzcn. L cnt s 60% d l Bs Rgldr dsd l d ctr hst l 20 nclsv. Dsd l 21 l 75%

<>ccdnt d trbj nfrmdd prfsnl: l bs rgldr s btn d ds smnds: l bs d ctzcn pr cntngncs prfsnls dl ms ntrr sn hrs xtrrdnrs, dvdd pr: l nmr d ds q crrspnd dch ctzcn ms l ctzcn pr hrs xtrs dl ñ ntrl ntrr, dvdd ntr 365 ds. Lcnt s75% dsd l d sgnt l d l bj.

Pr<> trbjdrs cntrtds pr l frmcn: l bs rgldr sr, clqr q s l cntngnc d l q drv l ncpcdd, l 75% d l bs mnm d ctzcn q crrspnd.

<>Pr trbjdrs cntrtds tmp prcl: clqr q s l drcn d l prstcn d srvcs, l bs rgldr dr sr l q rslt d dvdr l sm d ls bss d ctzcn crdtds drnt ls trs mss nmdtmnt ntrrs ntr l nmr d ds fctvmnt trbjds.

- Rsg drnt l mbrz.

Cncpt

s l prd d sspnsn dl cntrt d trbj n ls spsts n q, dbnd l trbjdr mbrzd cmbr d pst d trbj, l nflr st ngtvmnt n s sld l dl ft, pr tr cmptbl n s std, dch cmb n rslt tcnc bjtvmnt psbl n pd rznblmnt xgrs pr mtvs jstfcds. L prstcn tndr l ntrlz d prstcn drvd d cntngncs prfsnls.

Rqsts

- str flds y n lt.

- N s rqr prd prv d ctzcn.

Cnt d ls prstcns cnmcs

Cnsstr n sbsd qvlnt l 100% d l bs rgldr drvd d cntngncs prfsnls.

-Rsg drnt l lctnc ntrl

Cncpt

S cncdr l mjr trbjdr n ls msm trmns y cndcns q l prstcn cnmc pr rsg drnt l mbrz y s xtngr n l mmnt q l hj cmpl nv mss, slv q l bnfcr s hy rncrprd cn ntrrdd s pst d trbj ntrr tr cmptbl cn s stcn, n cy cs s xtngr l d ntrr l d dch rncrprcn.

Rqsts

- str flds y n lt.

- N s rqr prd prv d ctzcn.

Cnt d ls prstcns cnmcs

Cnsstr n sbsd qvlnt l 100% d l bs rgldr drvd d cntngncs prfsnls.

- Mtrndd

- Cdd d mnrs fctdr pr cncr tr nfrmdd grv.

Cncpt

Rqsts

Cnt d ls prstcns cnmcs

- ncpcdd prmntnt nvldz.

Cncpt

Rqsts

Cnt d ls prstcns cnmcs

- Jblcn.

Cncpt

Rqsts

Cnt d ls prstcns cnmcs

- Dsmpl.

Cncpt

Rqsts

Cnt d ls prstcns cnmcs

- Prtccn pr cs d ctvdd.

Cncpt

Rqsts

Cnt d ls prstcns cnmcs

- Mrt y sprvvnc.

Cncpt

Rqsts

Cnt d ls prstcns cnmcs

- Prstcns fmlrs.

Cncpt

Rqsts

Cnt d ls prstcns cnmcs

- Prstcn d srvcs scls

Cncpt

Rqsts

Cnt d ls prstcns cnmcs

l cncpt d scsz n l cnc cnmc

Dntr d n sstm cnmc, hy n sr d rcrss lmtds pr prdcr bns y srvcs. n bn s td rcrs mtrl q stsfc ncsdds, y n srvc s n rcrs nmtrl q stsfc ncsdds.

Hy dvrss clsfccns d bns: sgn s grd d dspnbldd, pdn sr lbrs (cm l r), scss (dspnbldd lmtd); pd hbr bns cmplmntrs sstttvs sgn q s s s prdzc cnjntmnt q s sn ns n lgr d trs. Ls bns scss pdn sr d cnsm (lmnts, rp), d qp (pr prdcr).

Ls ncsdds y dss hmns sn lmtds, pr ls rcrss dspnbls snlmtds. Srg s l cncpt d scss pr l cnm, q cnsdr n bn cm cnmc cnd s scs (tmbn s plnt q, sgn l mmnt, lgns vns pdn sr scss n, cm l g).

l s ltrntv d ls bns. Ls crvs d ndfrnc

Ls rcrss, dms d sr lmtds, sn sscptbls d ss ltrntvs pr lbrr dstnts bns y/ srvcs pr stsfcr dstnts ncsdds. L q spn lgr ntr dfrnts ltrntvs, cn fns d ptmzcn.

ll s std mdnt ls crvs d ndfrnc. st s n cnjnt d pnts n l q cd n ndc n cmbncn dtrmnd d ds bns q rprtn l cnsmdr l msm nvl d tldd ttl.

l nmr d ndds d n bn q dbn scrfcrs pr n ndd dcnl d tr bn pr q prmnzc cnstnt l tldd ttl s l dnmn rlcn ts d mrgncn d ssttcn (RMS). st vrcn db mdrs n cd pnt d l crv y vndr dtrmnd pr:

RMS= Vrcn n Y/ Vrcn n X n n ndd.

L sgncn fcnt d ls rcrss

n d ls prblms rslvr s l sgncn fcnt d ls rcrss. Dch sgncn xg:

Q l frt d bns y srvcs rspnd ls dss d ls ndvds. Q ls rcrss s mpln n s ttldd, s cmbnn cn fcc y s dstrbyn dcdmnt.

L plbr mrcd hy n d ld l spc n l q cmprdrs y vnddrs ngcn ntrcmbn n bn srvc dtrmnd. n st sntd, l cnm d mrcd s l cnjnt d mrcds ndvdls lbrs, dnd l sgncn d rcrss vn dd pr ls dcsns d prdccn, cmpr, vnt… d ls gnts cnmcs.

n l cnm d mrcd, l ps d ls dcsns d ls cnms dmstcs y ls mprss jrcn n nflnc dcsv n l sgncn d rcrss, dcdnd ls cnsmdrs q cmprr y n q cntdds, ls mprss q prdcr y n q cntdds y q fctrs d prdccn tlzr, y ls psdrs d ss fctrs dcdn qn y n q cndcns vndrn ss fctrs.

n l cnm d mrcd, l sgncn d rcrss s hc mdnt ss dcsns ndvdls., pr pr q n sstm d mrcd fncn, dbn drs ns cndcns:

snc d ncrtdmbr (l mrcd db sr trnsprnt). Mrcds pr tds ls bns. Drchs d prpdd clrmnt dfnds (ls mrcs prts sn lcts). snc d nflnc sgnfctv sbr l mrcd d lgn cmprdr vnddr. nxstnc d fcts trns (n sr fctd pr trs mrcds). Ls cmprdrs trtn d mxmzr s tldd y ls vnddrs ss bnfcs.

L dmnd s l rlcn d cmpr ntr l prc y l cntdd d n bn, y l cntdd dmndd s l cntdd d n bn q n cmprdr st dspst cmprr n prc dtrmnd. Hy vrs tps d dmnd:

Dmnd ndvdl: ld l cntdd d n bn dmndd pr n cnm dmstc l cntdd d n fctr prdctv dmndd pr n mprs. Dmnd grgd: s l gst ttl plnd pr l cnm n s cnjnt n n prd dtrmnd. Dmnd drvd ndcd: s l dmnd d n prdct, srvc fctr prdctv q dpnd d tr (j: l hrn dpnd d l dmnd d pn). Dmnd nrml: s l dmnd q n sg l nrm gnrl d q dsmny pr n mnt d prcs. Dmnd cnjnt: s d cnd pr l stsfccn d n ncsdd sn ncsrs vrs bns, srvcs fctrs d prdccn. ss bns srn cmplmntrs. Dmnd cmpst: s l dmnd q pd stsfcrs pr bns dfrnts. ss bns srn sstttvs.

L dmnd d n bn dpnd d vrs fctrs:

l prc dl bn: cnt ms bj, myr l cntdd dmndd. Ls rnts d ls cmprdrs: ms rnt, ms dmnd. L dstrbcn d l rnt: l dstrbcn ncd n l tp d cnsm q rlz n scdd. Ls prcs d ls dms bns: cnt ms bj s n bn, ms brts sn trs bns q stsfgn l msm ncsdd. Ls gsts y cstmbrs d ls cnsmdrs: ls cmbs d gsts y cstmbrs fvr d n bn hr q mnt l dmnd hc ls msms prcs. l prc ftr sprd d s bn d trs: s sprms n mnt dl prc d n bn, s ncrmntr l dmnd dl msm nts d l sbd. Vrcn n l crdt dspnbl: ms dnr n l sstm, ms dmnd.

lbrcn d l crv d dmnd y ss dsplzmnts

L crv d dmnd s cnstry bj l spst “ctrs prbs”. S lbr spnnd q l cntdd dmndd vr n fncn dl prc, y ls dms vrbls prmncn cnstnts. S s mdfc n vrbl, s prdc n dsplzmnt d l crv:

Dsplzmnts d l crv d dmnd hc l drch: cnd s prdc n dsplzmnt d l crv d dmnd hc l drch sgnfc q ls msms prcs d n bn, mnt l cntdd dmndd (pr mtvs cm l vrcn n l prc d ls bns dl mrcd, crcmnt d pblcn y/ d l rnt). Dsplzmnt d l crv d dmnd hc l zqrd: cnd s prdc n dsplzmnt d l crv d dmnd hc l zqrd sgnfc q ls msms prcs s dmnd mns l bn n cstn.

btncn d l crv d dmnd prtr d l tldd mrgnl

L tldd mrgnl d n bn s l stsfccn q prdc l cnsm d n ndd dcnl dl msm. Prtms dl spst q ns dc q l tldd ttl d n bn s crcnt hst l pnt n q l xcsv cnsm prdzc nstsfccn (d s md, cnd n dprtst ncst bbr g, llgr n pnt n l q n ncst ms y l prt n tldd ngtv n lgr d pstv).

s, l ncrmnt dl prc d n bn cnllv n dscns d l cntdd dmndd dl msm pr cd cnsmdr. D st mnr, s lbrn ls crvs d dmnd d n cnsmdr y dl mrcd.

n cnm, ls bns y fctrs d prdccn s ntrcmbn pr dnr, prdcnds n crrnt flj d bns y tr d dnr. L crrnt d bns (rl) s rprsnt pr n ln cntn; y l crrnt d dnr (mntr) pr n ln dscntn.

l flj mntr s dntfc cm “flj crclr d l rnt”, s n mvmnt cntn q dscrr pr n crct crrd cmpst pr ls ndds cnmcs. l nmr d vcs q l dnr s ntrcmb n n prd d tmp dtrmnd s l llm vlcdd d crclcn d dnr.

n nlss dl flj mntr ntr ls dvrss ndds cnmcs s l sgnt:

Cnsdrnd ls cnms dmstcs y mprss n fnncrs: ls mprss cmprrn ls ndds d cnsm ls fctrs prdccn pr prdcr ls bns q vndrn ss ndds d cnsm, dnd lgr n flj d dnr n n drccn y n flj d bns n tr: l dnr fly d ls mprss ls ndds d cnsm l cmprr ls fctrs d prdccn y d sts ls mprss l cmprr ls bns (hblms d n flj crclr d l rnt). Cnsdrnd ls cnms dmstcs, mprss n fnncrs, mprss fnncrs y l dmnstrcn pblc: n st spst n xst n qlbr stbl, l nc dnr q fly s l d ls nvrsns d ls mprss fnncrs, tnnd n cnt q ls cnms dmstcs rtnn ls rnts y ls mprss n fnncrs n dstrbyn ss bnfcs. n cmb, s s ñd l sctr pblc, st mpn mpsts sbr ls trs vrbls, hcnd q l dnr fly. Cnsdrnd ls cnms dmstcs, mprss n fnncrs y fnncrs, dmnstrcn pblc y l sctr xtrr: n st cs, l mdl d flj crclr d l rnt s cmplt l ñdrs l sctr xtrr, y q ls mprtcns hcn q l flj mntr slg fr y ls xprtcns tr flj mntr l ps.

Ls rgnzcns dl sctr pblc stn smtds n rgmn prspstr. l prspst s l mrc jrdc y fnncr l q h d jstr td s ctcn. n spñ, l mrc lgl vn fjd fndmntlmnt pr:

C (cnm y Hcnd). L Ly Gnrl Prspstr. L Ly Gnrl d stbldd Prspstr y l Ly rgnc cmplmntr st.

Ls crctrstcs d ls Prspsts Gnrls dl std (PG) sn:

n prvsn lmttv n cnt gsts y stmtv n cnt ngrss. Q ls ncsdds y stsfccn d ls msms stn n qlbr. str xprsds n trmns cntbls. blgr l pdr jctv pltc y jrdcmnt.

(Ls lys d stbldd Prspstr y Gnrl Prspstr stblcn ns prncps gnrls pr ls PG: prncp d stbldd prspstr; d plrnldd; d trnsprnc; y d fcnc n l sgncn y tlzcn d ls rcrss pblcs.)

Ls prncps pltcs pr ls q s rgn ls PG sn:

Prncp d cmptnc: l jctv ls lbr y s l prsnt l lgsltv pr s rvsn y prbcn mdnt Ly. D nvrsldd: bsd n rcgr ls gsts ngrss dl sctr pblc sttl. D ndd: ls gsts ngrss rcgds s ntgrn n n dcmnt nc. D spcldd: ls cntdds dl prspst db gstrs n l sgnd y n l tmp prspstr pr l q frn prbds. D tmprldd: l prspst s rfr l prd d n ñ. D pblcdd: s prbcn y gstn s d ntrlz pblc (B). D xcttd: sn crdts pr prtds cncrts. D ntcpcn: s prbn nts dl prd n q strn n vgr. D cntrl: prv dl prlmnt, d s jccn pr l ntrvncn Gnrl dl std y, pstrr, pr l Trbnl d Cnts.

Ls prncps cntbls pr ls q s rg ls PG sn:

D prspst brt: s rflj l mprt ntgr d gsts ngrss. D ndd d cj: tds ls ngrss y pgs dbn cntrlzrs n n cj nc. D spcfccn: prhb ls trnsfrncs ntr ls dstnts prtds. D jrcc crrd: sl pdn plcrs n jrcc ls ngrss y gsts rfrds l msm cm nrm gnrl.

Pr rprsntr l stcn d n mprs n n mmnt cncrt s tlz l dcmnt dnmnd cm blnc, n l q s pntn l zqrd l ctv (bns y drchs d l mprs), y l drch l psv (blgcns d l mprs).

Hy dstnts tps d fnnccn, n fncn d vrs crtrs d clsfccn:

Sgn l ctvdd d l mprs, l fnnccn pd sr: ntrn (mrtzcn, rsrvs…), xtrns (n gnrds pr l ctvdd d l mprs, cm ls prtcns d scs).

Sgn l prcdnc d ls fnds, n cnt s ttlrdd, l fnnccn pd sr: prps (prtds pr ls scs l ctvdd), jns (prtd pr prsnl jn l mprs).

Sgn l tmprldd d l blgcn d l mprs, l fnnccn pd sr: rcrss crt plz (-1 ñ), lrg plz (+1 ñ), rcrss tmprls (cnd l blgcn n tn n plz mrcd).

Sgn l tp ctv q fnncn, l fnnccn pd sr: rcrss pr l fnnccn dl tmp fj, rcrss pr l fnnccn dl ctv crclnt.

Sgn l grd d cmprms xgbldd d ls rcrss, l fnnccn pd sr: xgbl (cnd s hn d rslvr, j: ls crdts), n xgbl (cnd n hy cmprms tmprl d dvlvrls).

Fnts d fnnccn prps

Ls fnts d fnnccn prps ls cnsttyn l tfnnccn fnnccn ntrn y ls prtcns d ls scs. n l tfnnccn, s dstngn trs tps: tmtc, tfnnccn d mntnmnt, y d nrqcmnt.

<>tmtc: s prdc l vndr l mprs ss bns y/ srvcs n l mrcd, cnsgnd rcrss pr dqrr pgr ls fctrs d prdccn ncsrs pr l dsrrll d l ctvdd.

<>tfnnccn d mntnmnt: st frmd pr ls fnds d mrtzcn y ls prvsns q s dtn pr mntnr ntct l cptl nt ptrmnl d l mprs, n pr ncrmntrl.

<>tfnnccn d nrqcmnt: st frmd pr ls cnts d rsrv q spnn n ncrmnt fctv dl cptl nt ptrmnl y pr ls xcss n l dtcn d mrtzcns y prvsns.

Ls rsrvs s crn pr hcr frnt ls psbls rsgs n cncds pr fnncr l crcmnt d l mprs. Ls rsrvs ms mprtnts sn: prm d msn d ccns, rsrvs pr ccns d l scdd dmnnt, rsrvs pr ccns prps, rsrvs lgls, rsrvs stttrs, rsrvs vlntrs, rsrvs d rvlrzcn, rmnnt, rsrvs pr cptl mrtzd, rsrvs spcls, y rsrvs clts tctcs.

Ls prvsns srvn pr cbrr psbls rsgs, gsts prdds. Srgn d l plccn dl crtr d prdnc n l vlrcn d l stcn ptrmnl.

L mrtzcn, pr s prt, s l xprsn d l dprccn sstmtc nl fctv sfrd pr l mtrl nmtrl nmvlzd, pr s plccn l prcs prdctv. L mrtzcn tn trs sgnfcds: n cnmc (cnsm dl qp fj), n sgnfcd tcnc (dsmncn d prstcns pr l ps dl tmp y l s), y n sgnfcd fnncr (csts y rsltds d l mprs). Tl dprccn pd prcr pr l ps dl tmp, pr l s dl bjt, pr s nvjcmnt, pr hbr xprd s cpcdd d s pr ccdnts q l dtrrn.

Ls mtds sstms d mrtzcn pdn sr fnncrs n fnncrs. Ls fnncrs sn ls q tnn n cnt l tp d ntrs q s btn d nvrtr ls cts d mrtzcn hst l mmnt d prcdr l rnvcn dl ctv mrtzd.

Ls n fnncrs nclyn vrs tps:

<>Sstm d mrtzcn lnl: cnstnt d cts fjs. Cnsst n sgnr tds ls jrccs l msm ct d mrtzcn.

<>Sstm d mrtzcn vrbl: s stm l dprccn sfrd pr l ctv cd ñ y dch cntdd s dt cm mrtzcn.

<>mrtzcn tnt fj sbr bs mrtzbl dcrcnt: cnsst n plcr n tnt fj l vlr pndnt d mrtzr cd ñ.

<>mrtzcn prprcnl l sr d nmrs ntrls: cnsst n rprtr l ct d mrtzcn prprcnlmnt l sr d nmrs ntrls crrltvmnt.

<>Ct d mrtzcn cnstnt pr ndd d prdct lbrd: cnsst n clclr l ct d mrtzcn nl prprcnlmnt l nmr d ndds prdcds pr l ctv mrtzbl.

Ls prtcns l cptl d l mprs pdn prdcrs l cnsttr l scdd (pdn sr dnrds y n dnrds). Pd prcdr d ls scs, d l plccn d rsrvs d l trnsfrmcn d dd n cptl.

Fnts d fnnccn jns

Ls fnts d fnnccn jns stn frmds pr tds ls dds cntrds pr l mprs trvs d dvrss mds: ntrmdrs fnncrs, mrcds d cptls, crdt ntrmprsrl, lsng, fctrng…

Ls fnts d fnnccn jns mdnt ntrmds fnncrs cnsstn n cptr fnds mdnt ls ntdds fnncrs (d ls bncs sbr td). Ls fnts ms tlzds sn: ´

<>Prstms: l ntdd fnncr prst n dnr q h d sr dvlt n n plz.

<>Crdts: l ntdd d crdt prprcn fnds cn n lmt y tmp pr pgrl, jnt cn ntrss.

<>Dscnt bncr: ntcp q hc l bnc n clnt dl mprt d n crdt cncdd st cmb d ls ntrss q crrspndn pr l tmp q ntcp l dnr.

<>Dscnt cmrcl: ntcp q rlz l ntdd fnncr l clnt sbr fcts d cmrc n pdr d st cmb d n ntrs.

<>Crdts d frm: spnn l cmprms d pg d n dd n lgr dl ddr (fnzs, vls).

<>Dscbrts n cnt: pdn str ngcds (s dmt n cntdd mxm) n.

trvs dl mrcd d cptls, l mprs pd fnncrs mtnd dd, blgcns, ltrs… q pdn sr ngcbls n. l crdt ntrmprsrl cmrcl vn rprsntd pr ls plzmnts n ls pgs q s hcn ls clnts y ls prvdrs ls mprss.

l lsng s n frm d fnnccn jn q cnsst n l lqlr spcl d n bn cn n cmpnnt fnncr. n st ntrvnn: l ntdd dl lsng (ntdd fnncr), q s l rrnddr, l rrndtr q sscrb l cntrt d lsng (q s l bn y tn drch d cmpr dl msm), y l prvdr, q smnstr l bn bjt dl rrndmnt. xstn vrs mdldds d lsng: mblr, nmblr, fnncr (cnd s jrz l pcn d cmpr dl bn), y prtv (l rrnddr grntz l fncnmnt y mntnmnt dl bn rrndd).

l fctrng s n cntrt n l q n prt cd tr ( n mprs d fctrng) ss crdts cmrcls frnt trcrs, ncrgnds l scdd d fctrng d ls sgnts spcts: gstn dl cbr d ls crdts cdds s vncmnt, dmnstrcn d cnts, cbrtr d rsgs, y fnnccn.

Fnts d fnnccn csprps

Ls fnts d fnnccn csprps stn ntr ls prps y ls jns. Dstcn: ls ttls cnvrtbls, ls Wrrnts, l dd prpt, ls crdts prtcptvs, y ls yds y sbvncns.

<>Ttls cnvrtbls: sn ttls d dd q psbltn s tndr s cnvrsn n ccns d l scdd n ns fchs y ns prcs fjds n ls cndcns d msn d l dd.

<>Wrrnts: sn crtfcds pcnls pr ls q pdn btnrs ccns n prc y plz dtrmnds prvmnt.

<>Dd prpt: l sscrptr prcb ntrss, pr n s mrtz (l tlz l std).

<>Crdts prtcptvs: mplcn l prtcpcn d l scdd d crdts prtcptvs n ss bnfcs d l mprs.

<>yds y sbvncns: brcn ntrvncns q mnrn ls crgs dl prspst mprsrl.

Hy dvrss tcncs y hrrmnts q ydn nfcr ls fss y rslcn d prblms:

Tcncs pr fmntr l crtvdd

Slcnr prblms s cmplcd, pr vcs l s ms drs cnt d lls. n n mbnt lbrl dnmc y crtv, s pns n l ftr y s bscn slcns nvdss, crtvs. Ls tcncs pr fmntr l crtvdd fctn l plntmnt, l nlss l rslcn d prblms.

Pr dscbrr y plntr prblms, hy dvrss tcncs:

<>Dfctlg: s n rnn pr n nlss crtc d ls prdcts, srvcs, rgnzcn… n l q cd prtcpnt xpn lbrmnt tds ls dfcts q ncntr n l snt n cstn (lg pdn mncnrs ls ms mprtnts).

<>Brnwrttng: tn l msm bjtv q l ntrr.

<>Prgnts stmlnts: s n sr d prgnts q srvn pr bsrvr l ntrn y stmlr l crtc.

Ls tcncs pr ncntrr slcns sn:

<>Brnstrmng: s l tcnc d fmnt d l crtvdd pr xclnc, q cnsst n prdcr l myr cntdd d ds psbls nsprrs n ls ds d ls dms pr mjrrls.

<>Mtrcs d dscbrmnt: cnsst n n cdr d dbl ntr q prmt cmbnr ds ds ls lmnts d ls lsts d vrbls d slcns. Tn trs fss: lccn d ls lsts d vrbls tlzr; xpltcn sstmtc d ls sccns q prcn n cd csll; y jc y vlcn d rsltds. (st tcnc s s mch n l bsqd d nvs ctvdds n l mprs.)

<>Dlg nnvdr: s rlz pr prjs pr bscr slcns nnvdrs n prblm. S llvn cb vrs pss: l fctd dscrb l prblm y ss ntcdnts; l rcptr d ds sbr n psbl slcn; pr ltm, s cnsdr y vl l d sgrd pr l rcptr.

<>“Ss smbrrs pr pnsr”: cnsst n q cd prtcpnt llv n grr d cd clr, cd clr l crrspnd n fncn. l blnc s dntfc cn l nfrmcn bjtv y dscrpcn d ls hchs; l rj cn ls mcns; l ngr cn l prccn y plgrs q pdn srgr n l rnn; l vrd cn ls prtccns mgntvs; l mrll cn l prsntcn d ltrntvs; y l zl s l crdndr d l rnn.

Tcncs pr stdr ls prblms

lgns d ls tcncs pr stdr ls prblms sn:

<>Bs d dts: s n lmnt pr rgnzr ls dts y fcltr s cnslt y rcprcn, fndmntl pr td strtg d cptcn d dts.

<>¿Pr q?, ¿pr q?: l prgnt dl pr q br cmns pr hndr n l dmnsn d n prblm y pr sgrr dvrss ltrntvs, hcnds prgnts cm: ¿pr q s hc st?; ¿pr q s hc q?; ¿pr q s hc n st mmnt?...

<>Ls ss srvnts ls ss W (dl ngls): yd rcgr nfrmcn sbr n prblm (css, prtgnsts, lmnts…) d frm rdnd y rpd. (S pd cmbnr st tcnc cn l brnstrmng pr prdcr cn rpdz.)

<>l grfc d Prt: s n tcnc q s tlz pr dntfcr l cs, stcn d q prdc myr mpct. S s s ndvdl y clctv.

<>Prs y cntrs: s n tcnc sncll y d s ctdn, prsntnd ls vntjs y dsvntjs d ls prblms.

<>Dgrm d spn d pscd: s rlz n dgrm n l q s brd l prblm dsd dstnts ngls y lg cnsdrd n s ttldd.

<>l nlss DF: DF ( FD), sn ls ncls d pnts frts, prtndds, dbldds y mnzs. yd vlr n stcn pr lg scgr l dcsn ms dcd.

<>L prrll d slccn: s n ps prv l crd q s v tmr, bsd n ls crtrs sr tlzds pr dcdr. l grp db pnrs d crd sbr ls crtrs tlzr y ls pcns q xstn. Dbn scgrs ls crtrs dsd n pnt d vst bjtv. Cnd s tnn ls crtrs, s dbj l prrll d slccn, scrbnd ls pcns sbr ls q hy q dcdr.

Tcncs pr rslvr ls prblms

n l fs d rslcn d prblms, s trt d sgrr q ls css s hgn. lgns d ls tcncs pr rslvr ls prblms sn:

<>l grfc d Gntt: s n grfc d brrs hrzntls cy bs s l tmp, n l q pd bsrvrs l prgrs d l jccn pr prt d ls q dbn ntrvnr.

<>l grfc Prt: s n frm d plnfccn ms rfnd q l grfc d Gntt, d grn tldd cnd n l pryct xstn mchs pss ntrrlcnds.

<>l pln d ccns: s n rsmn d ls ccns q s dbn llvr cb pr jctr n tr prgrm d trbj (nclynd l dtll d l ctvdd, l rspnsbl, l rsltd sprd…). S pdn cmbr ls prmtrs pr cmdrls n stcn rl.

<>l dgrm ¿cm-cm?: s trt d nlzr l psbl slcn plntnds l prgnt “¿cm?” hst q s btn n cdr cmplt pr l jccn d s slcn.

<>Ls rnns: s n tcnc pr llvr dlnt l plnfccn y cntrl d ls crds dcsns

lgr l stl d drccn pr prt dl drct s n d ls trs ms mprtnts n l ctvdd dmnstrtv d l mprs, d ll dpndr l q ls sbrdnds rlcn s tr n n bn ml mbnt d trbj. Hy dvrss stls: tcrtc, cnsltv, dmcrtc, prmsv (lssz-fr), y ptrnlst:

<>stl tcrtc: n l stl tcrtc, l nc trdd s l jf, q tm dcsns n l mprs y ls sbrdnds bdcn ss rdns. Ls dcsns s tmn cn rpdz, ls prdccns sn lts, pr l cldd dl prdct y l stsfccn pr l trbj s bj, s cm ls sbrdnds n stn mtvds.

<>stl cnsltv: l stl cnsltv tn n pscn ntrmd ntr l stl tcrtc y l dmcrtc. n l, s dstngn vrs css d stls s vz:

l drctr “vnd” l grp l dcsn q h tmd ntnt q tds stn d crd cn l, nfrmndls d ls css d s dcsn y cncdnd prms qns hyn cntrbd l cnsccn d ls bjtvs.

l drctr prsnt ss ds nvt hcr prgnts pr clrr l dcsn dptd.

l drctr prsnt n pryct d dcsn sscptbl cmb pr mdfcr ls css q sn ncsrs.

l drctr prsnt l prblm, rcg ls sgrncs y tm n dcsn.

<>stl dmcrtc: n l stl dmcrtc, l trdd rsd n l grp, tmnd ls dcsns pr nnmdd y snd cptds pr l jf. Rqr bstnt tmp pr tmr ls dcsns, pr stsfc ls ncsdds d ls sbrdnds, s cr n mjr clm d trbj, y hy cmnccn ntr ls mmbrs. l jf tndr q sbr drgr ls rnns d frm xts.

<>stl prmsv (lssz-fr): l stl prmsv cnsst n q ls sbrdnds ctn cn ntr lbrtd dntr d ls lmts stblcds prvmnt pr l drctr. Ls dcsns ncn dl grp, q dfn l prblm, drg ls dscsns, lbr prcdmnts pr rslvrls y scg l mjr slcn ntr ls psbls.

<>stl ptrnlst: l stl ptrnlst s n tp d mnd ntrmd ntr l tcrtc y l prmsv. L trdd cmpt l drctr, q stblc rlcns cn ls mplds smlrs l d ls pdrs cn ls hjs. l drctr cnslt cn cd n d frm sld mpn l dcsn q cnsdr q s bn.

(N xst n stl q s nvrsl pr tds ls stcns, sn q s trt d scgr l q mjr cnvng n cd mmnt pr nmndr ls prblms.)

l std d l cmnccn s dsrrll n ds nvls: nvl prsnl, y nvl rgnzcnl. L rspnsbldd d l cmnccn n l mprs cmpt sbr td ls drctvs, pr tmbn l rst dl prsnl. Dch cmnccn pd drs n sntd bltrl nltrl, sgn xst n rtrlmntcn. L nltrl s ms rpd y rfrz l trdd dl msr; l bltrl s ms xct y prprcn cnfnz l rcptr.

l flj d ls cmnccns n l mprs s prsnt n vrs drccns: dscndnt, scndnt, y crzd.

Cmnccn dscndnt: l cmnccn dscndnt s l q fly d ls jfs ls sbrdnds. S d n td cls d rgnzcns y cnsst n nstrccns pr l dsrrll dl trbj (trs, prcdmnts…). Ls mds mplds pr l dfsn d st tp d cmnccn sn: prdcs mrls, crclrs, rnns, ltvcs… Cmnccn scndnt: l cmnccn scndnt s l q fly d ls sbrdnds hc ss sprrs. Rqr d n mbnt brt n l q ls sbrdnds s sntn lbrs pr cmncrs, s tlz pr nvr nfrmcn rltv csts, rndmnts, rsltds sbr vnts, ntr trs. Ls mds mplds pr l dfsn d st tp d cmnccn sn: nfrms tcncs, rclmcns, ncsts d pnn, sgrncs, rnns. Cmnccn crzd: l cmnccn crzd s l q ncly: l cmnccn q fly hrzntlmnt, ntr l prsnl d smlr nvl n l mprs, y l q fly dgnlmnt ntr prsns d dfrnts nvls. st tp d cmnccn prprcn nfrmcn pr crdnr ctcns y rslvr prblms. l nc prblm q pd llgr tnr s q s prdzcn cnfrntcns ntr l prsnl n ls rnns, ntr ls q tndr q mdr l crdndr. Pr cnsgr n grn frt d sts rnns hy q crr n bn clm, hbrs prprd ls dts ncsrs, vlrr ls pnns jns, sbr slcnr prblms, y rlzr n rsmn l trmn d ls msms.

Dntr d l mprs, hy trs tps d cmnccns: rl, scrt, y l cmnccn cn l xtrr.

Dntr d l rl, ls prncpls mds d trnsmsn d nfrmcn sn: l tlfn (s l ms cmn), y ls mqns grbdrs y rprdctrs (prmtn hcr grbcns d snd mgn pr rprdcrls cnd s ncsr).

Dntr d l cmnccn scrt, ncntrms ls mprss, q ldn td ppl q cntng nfrmcn, txts y pgrfs pr sr rllnds, n fncn d ls ncsdds d l mprs. Hy ds fmls d dcmnts: ls dcmnts d rchv (fchs d clnts, dts bncrs…), y ls dcmnts d trnsmsn d nfrmcn (fctrs, lbrns, frmlrs d pdds).

Cn rspct ls cmnccns xtrrs, sts cnfrmn l prcs d cmnccn d l mprs cn ss mrcds. Pr n prt st l rcptr clctv, y pr tr l msr, l mprs, cys fns sn: nfrmr d q l prdct st n l mrcd, prsdr ls ptncls cnsmdrs d s cmpr, ntr trs. Pr ll s sn dvrss mds: pblcdd, prmcn d vnts, qp d vnts, y rlcns pblcs.

n rgngrm s n grfc n l q s rprsntn ls ndds rgnztvs y ls rlcns xstnts ntr lls. l rgngrm prsnt ls sgnts crctrstcs:

• sqmtz l strctr d l mprs.

• Rslt l grd d dpndnc y s mprtnc jrrqc.

• ndc l dnmncn spcfc d ls rgnsms (y n csns l nmbr d ss rspnsbls).

Ls rgngrms dbn rfljr l strctr rl y ctlzd d l mprs, cn n rprsntcn sncll y fcl d cmprndr. l prblm prc cnd s rprsntcn n s rlz dcdmnt, prvcnd l cnfsn n ls mmbrs d l rgnzcn.

Ls vntjs q prsnt l rgngrm sn: frc n prfnd cncmnt d l strctr d l rgnzcn; d psbldd sr rvsd n bsc d nmls pr s pstrr crrccn.

Sgn l crtr dptd, hy vrs clss d rgngrms:

• Sgn l fn: pdn sr: nfrmtvs d nlss.

rgngrms nfrmtvs: prprcnn n vsn gnrl d l strctr d l mprs. Sl cmprnd ls grnds ndds q l ntgrn.

rgngrms d nlss: prprcnn l ttldd d l strctr, nclynd ls mnrs y ls rlcns xstnts.

• Pr l xtnsn: pdn sr: gnrls d dtll.

rgngrms gnrls: rfljn l strctr d td l mprs.

rgngrms d dtll: s rfrn n dprtmnt cncrt.

• Pr l cntnd: pdn sr: strctrls, fncnls, d prsnl:

rgngrms strctrls: sl rprsntn ls ndds q cnsttyn l mprs y ls rlcns ntr lls.

rgngrms fncnls: rprsntn ls cntnds d cd ndd.

rgngrms d prsnl: ndcn ls dnmncns, rngs y nmbrs d l prsn q drg cd ndd.

• Pr l frm: pdn sr: vrtcls hrzntls:

rgngrms vrtcls: ls ndds d myr trdd s stn ms lvds q ls d mnr trdd.

rgngrms hrzntls: ls ndds d myr trdd s stn l zqrd y ls sbrdnds l drch.

L frm ms cmn d ngcr s l ngccn pr pscns, n l q xstn ds frms xtrms d pscnrs: n dr y pns flxbl, n l q cd ngcdr dfnd s d y tc l dl cntrr; y tr ms flxbl, n l q s ntnt ncntrr l mjr slcn psbl l cnflct plntd. sts pscnmnts xtrms rgnn ds tps d ngccns bscs: ls ngccns cmpttvs y ls ngccns clbrtvs.

Dntr d ls ngccns cmpttvs, hy q tnr n cnt vrs crtrs:

<>Plntmnt dl cs d frm vntjs: s trt d ntntr btnr vntj dsd l prmr mmnt d l ngccn.

<>Cncr l lcnc y l frz dl pdr cd prt: cn ll sr ms sncll l psbldd d llgr n n crd.

<>Cncr l tr prt: s trt d cncr td l psbl sbr l prt cntrr pr n hcr spscns q pdn llvr rrr.

<>Dfnr ls bjtvs y n ltrntv bnfcs: s cnvnnt tnr ltrntvs ls bjtvs prncpls d frm q s fll l ngccn n n prmr mmnt, tnn trs pcns ls q cdrs q sgn tnnd lgn tp d bnfc pr s msm.

<>lbrr rznmnts: s s mstrn rznmnts y fndmnts sbr psbls crds, l ngcdr dqr crdbldd y tn myr cpcdd ngcdr.

<>Dfnr ls cncsns y n pln dtrmnd l rspct: s ncsr llvr sfcnts cncsns l tr prt.

<>stdr ls pnts frts y dbls prps: pr sr cnscnt dl ps q pd cnllvr n l ngccn.

<>stdr l pnt d vst dl pnnt: pr ntntr btnr vntj.

Dntr d ls ngccns clbrtvs, hy q tnr n cnt vrs crtrs:

<>Sprr ls prsns dl prblm: cn bjt d slcnr l prblm, y n nfrntr prsns.

<>Cntrrs n ls ntrss: nfrmr l tr prt d nstrs ntrss.

<>Gnrr dvrss ltrntvs: pr s l prmr pcn n s cptd.

<>Bsrs n crtrs bjtvs: hblnd d l q cd prt st dspst n cptr, y l mdd n q cdr cd prt.

L cmptnc s tr d ls mbts ls q s ddc l nvstgcn d mrcds. S trt d llgr cncr l cmp d ctcn d trs mprss. Hy q cncr: l vlmn d prdccn srvc q rlzn, l md d prdcr, ls tps d prdcts srvcs q tnn, ls prcs d ss prdcts, s pscn n l mrcd. S trt d vr ss xts y frcss l pr d vr q hcs djn lbrs n s mrcd, pr dr dsd l prspctv prsnl n rspst dcd l dmndd n l mrcd.

n rlcn l cmptnc, hy vrs prncps bscs:

Td cmptdr q prsst tn n vntj nc sbr l rst.

Cnt ms smlrs sn ds mprss q cmptn ntr s, ms frt sr l cmptnc.

S ls cmptdrs sn dstnts, cd n tn n vntj dstnt dl tr.

Ls cmptdrs q cxstn dbn str n qlbr.

Pr sr l ldr n cmptnc, hy q tnr n cnt vrs fctrs:

<>l prc (vndnd ms brt s ls csts sn bjs).

<>L cldd dl prdct srvc (dfrncnds pr jmpl n l tncn l clnt. n RNF, n l V, s l trn llg trd dvlv l dnr ls psjrs).

<>L spclzcn nfq d ls ctvdds (tcrs Rvs st spclzd n trslds fsts d dspdds d sltrs).

<>mplr l ln d prdcts srvcs (ftcps+ncdrncn).

<>Frmr crds d xclsvdd cn prvdrs y dstrbdrs (lgns prdcts sl s vndn n tnds slcts).

<>scrs cn tr cmptdr.

<>Frmr l prsnl.

n l dcmntcn dmnstrtv y cmrcl, pdn dstngrs ls rlcnds cn: l cmprvnt, cn ls cbrs y pgs, cn ls ctvdds d cntrl ntrns, ls dcmnts blgtrs, y l crrspndnc cmrcl:

<>Dcmnts rlcnds cn l cmprvnt: S dstngn: cntrts, cntrts d lbrcn, pdds, dcmntcn d n cncrs, lbrn, y fctr.

<>Cntrt: s n crd ntr l prvdr y l clnt mdnt l q s stblcn ls cndcns d n pdd (prdct, fchs, pg…).

<>Cntrts d clbrcn: sln hcrl ls grnds mprss. mplc n rlcn my strch ntr l clnt y l prvdr, tnnd st ltm n nstlcn crc dl clnt.

<>Pdd: s n ptcn n prvdr d n prdct srvc.

<>Dcmntcn d n cncrs: vcs s pd n bjt mdnt cncrs.

<>lbrn ( nt d ntrg): s n dcmnt n l q s d f pr prt dl clnt d l rcpcn d n prdct l rlzcn d n srvc.

<>Fctr: crdt lglmnt l prcn d cmprvnt n l q prcn ls prdcts q nv l prvdr l clnt cncrt.

<>Dcmnts rlcnds cn ls cbrs y pgs: S dstngn: rcbs; chq y pgr d cnt crrnt y bncr; ltrs, pgrs cmbrs y fcts d cmrc; trnsfrncs; trjts bncrs; dds dmclrs; y pg crtfcd cnfrmd:

<>Rcbs: l prvdr q db cbrr l mt cm jstfcnt d pg s clnt cm rcrdtr dl msm.

<>Chq y pgr d cnt crrnt y bncr: s rgln pr l ly cmbr y dl chq. l chq db cntnr dnmncn, mndt d pgr n cntdd, nmbr dl q pg (lbrd), lgr d pg y frm dl q xpd (lbrdr). Hy mchs clss d chq: l prtdr, l rdn, n l rdn y nmntvs, cnfrmd, bncr, n blnc, y grntzd. Ls pgrs cnt crrnt cbrn l dmnd pr prt d lgns sctrs d l clntl.

<>Ltrs, pgrs cmbrs y fcts d cmrc: l ltr s n ttl-vlr d crdt q ncrpr n crdt d frm q l trnsmsn dl dcmnt mplc l trnsmsn dl crdt ncrprd l msm. Ls pgrs q cmpln fncn d gr cntnn l prms d pgr n cntdd dtrmnd n n tmp dtrmnd n prsn. Ls fcts cmrcls sn ls drchs fvr dl tndr d ls msms rcbr n cnt dscrt d mns dl clnt q lbr l fct.

<>Trnsfrncs: s n nv d dnr q pd sr ntrn xtrn.

<>Trjts bncrs: pdn sr d crdt, q pspnn ls pgs, d dbt, n l q l pg s nstntn. l mndr lctrnc llv n cntdd d dnr lmcnd n l pdnd sr sd hst dch lmt lmcnd.

<>dd pr dmclcns: db sr trzd pr l ttlr y s psd l Bnc. s n prcdmnt brt y cmd q s ncrc cm cnscnc d ls dvlcns.

<>Pg crtfcd cnfrmd: cnsst n q n ddr rmt s ntdd fnncr nfrmcn sbr ls dds cntrds cn trcrs y l ntdd rmt cd crdr l psbldd d ntcpr l pg cn ns cndcns fnncrs cncrts.

<>Dcmnts rlcnds cn ctvdds d cntrl ntrns: S dstngn, ntr ls ms crctrstcs, ls sgnts: dcmnts d cntrl d crdts, prspst, nfrm d tsrr, cnts prsnls, crts d pgs d mpsts, y xtrcts d cnts bncrs.

<>Dcmnts d cntrl d crdts: srvn pr llvr l d ls crdts d ls clnts.

<>Prspst: srv pr prvr y plnfcr l ctvdd mprsrl y cntrlr l cnsccn d ls bjtvs d l mprs.

<>nfrm d tsrr: srvn pr cncr l stcn d lqdz d l mprs.

<>Cnts prsnls: stn rlcnds cn ntcps sbr nmns, gsts dl mpld pr gstns mprsrls, ntr trs.

<>Crts d pgs d mpsts: sn ls jstfcnts d pg d mpsts.

<>xtrcts d cnts bncrs: srv pr ctjr ls dts d l cntbldd prp cn ls mvmnts bncrs.

<>Dcmnts blgtrs: ncntrms ls sgnts:

<>Rlcnds cn l SS: n l SS, ncntrms ls dcmnts d ctzcn, q s tlzn pr l pg d ctzcns mnsls, n cs d ls tnms, s tlzn ls bltns d ctzcn.

<>Lbrs cntbls y d cmrc: l Cdg d Cmrc xg llvr td mprsr n cntbldd rdnd y dcd l ctvdd d l mprs. Llv n lbr d nvntr, l dr (dnd s rgstrn ntcns drs rltvs ls prcns d l mprs), y tr d cnts nls (frmds pr l blnc, prdds, gnnc y mmr d l mprs dl ñ n cstn).

<>trs lbrs blgtrs: s ncsr tmbn lbrr n lbr d cts (q rcg l trtd drnt ls rnns), n lbr d rgstr d scs, y n lbr d rgstr d ccns prtcpcns, q dbn ngrsr n l Rgstr Mrcntl.

n cnt ls prsns fscs, ss rnts trbtn n l RPF, bn pr stmcn drct n s rgmn nrml smplfcd, mdnt l stmcn bjtv.

<>L crrspndnc cmrcl: L ctvdd cmrcl prdc ntrcmbs d cmnccns scrts ntr ls mprss, cmnccns q pdn sr brvs (cm trjts, mmrndm), rgnts (tlgrms, -ml), d trs tps cm crclrs, fllts, mmrs, nstncs… L mprs db grdr n cp d td l crrspndnc.

l ptrmn nt d l mprs ncly tds ls ctvs q ps. L cnsttyn ls fnds prps, ls jsts pr cmb d vlr, y ls sbvncns, dncns y lgds rcbds. Dntr dl ptrmn nt, hy q dfrncr ls rcrss prps, q ls gnr l mprs cn s ctvdd, y ls jns, ls q n sn gnrds pr l mprs.

lmnts ptrmnls y mss ptrmnls

Ls lmnts ptrmnls srn ls dfrnts cnts q rcgn ls trnsccns mprsrls, y l cnjnt d sts lmnts cn crctrstcs cmns srn ls mss ptrmnls. Hy trs tps d mss ptrmnls: l ctv, l psv y l ptrmn nt:

<>ctv: s l cnjnt d bns, drchs y trs rcrss cntrlds cnmcmnt pr l mprs, d ls q s spr q s btngn bnfcs. l ctv pd sr: ctv n crrnt (lmnts ptrmnls d ctv n vnclds l ccl d xpltcn d l mprs), ctv crrnt (ctvs vnclds cd ccl d xpltcn d l mprs).

<>Psv: s l cnjnt d blgcns ctls cm cnscnc d scss psds. l psv pd sr: n crrnt (frmd pr ls blgcns y dds lrg plz q tn l mprs), psv crrnt (frmd pr l fnnccn xtrn lrg plz).

<>Ptrmn nt: tl cm mncnms ntrrmnt, sn tds ls ctvs q ps. L cnsttyn ls fnds prps, ls jsts pr cmb d vlr, y ls sbvncns, dncns y lgds rcbds.

Clqr mprs h d ctr n n mrcd, pr l q db rlzr n std prv dl msm. n dch std s rcgn: stmcns, dts ncsrs y l nlss d l cmptnc:

<>stmcns: n hrrmnt tl pr rlzr stmcns s l DF, q cnsst n hcr n rprsntcn grfc d ls mnzs y prtndds pr l mprs, cmprbnd ls pnts frts y dbls d l msm.

<>Dts: s cnvnnt cncr dvrss dts:

Tmñ dl mrcd y d ls mprss q ctn n l.

vlcn dl sctr, pr vr ls pnts frts y ls dbls.

Frgmntcn dl mrcd, vnd s hy lgn mprs ldr.

stcnldd, sgn n pc dl ñ tr, l dmnd vr.

Psbl nrmtv lgl q lmt ctcns n l mrcd.

Cnls d dstrbcn n l sctr.

Brrrs d ntrd y sld n l mrcd.

<>nlss d l cmptnc: Cn rspct l cmptnc, s ncsr nlzr vrs dts: cncr ls cmptdrs, cnt vndn, ls prdcts y srvcs q cmrclzn, ss prcs, l prmcn y pblcdd q tlzn, l bccn d ls cmptdrs, ls vntjs y dsvntjs dl prdct cmrclzr cmprd cn l d ls cmptdrs, ntr trs. n tcnc plcr n st sntd s l bnchmrkng, q std ls mprss ldrs pr prndr, n bs ll, mjrs prctcs, dptndls mjrndls.

Sgn l Dccnr d l Rl cdm spñl, l pltc s l cnjnt d : “rntcns drctrcs q rgn l ctcn d n prsn ntdd n n snt cmp dtrmnd”.

Ls pltcs d rcrss hmns hcn rfrnc ls grnds dcsns grnds bjtvs pr ls q pt n mprs cn rspct ss trbjdrs. Prtnd d l bs d q lls vn psr ns ch hrs l d drnt X nmr d ñs l mprs db plntrs cm hcr q s cmpgnn ls bjtvs dl ngc cn ls bjtvs dss dl trbjdr. Cm lgrr q jnt l bjtv “bnfcs” s lgr st tr bjtv: l stsfccn y l rgll dl trbjdr pr l hch d prtncr l mprs. s llgr sr n prt mprtnt d l cltr crprtv d l ntdd.
n st cntxt l drccn d Rcrss Hmns, db sgrr l sgnt:

) L ntgrcn dl prsnl n l mprs.
b) L dccn d ls cpcdds dl prsnl ls bjtvs d l
mprs.
c) l dsrrll dl fctr hmn, tnt dl ndvd n s msm, cn
ss sprcns y vlrs cm dl trbjdr q prtcp n l vd y l dsrrll d l mprs. s prtcpcn pd r dsd l ms smpl clbrcn hst l sstm d cgstn, sstm mplntd n mchs mprss lmns, l q spn q trbjdrs y rspnsbls d l drccn d l ntdd gstnn l mprs, cnjntmnt.
d) l dsrrll dl mrktng ntrn, fcltnd l cmnccn.
) L cldd d vd dl prsnl .
f) S ntgrcn dl dprtmnt d Rcrss Hmns dntr d l drccn
strtgc d l mprs pr bscr sr l brz drch d l drccn gnrl n cnt mplntcn d ls pltcs rlcnds cn st mbt. N db lvdr l rspnsbl d rcrs hmns q l s qn db prsdr nflr n tds ls dms jfs y mnds ntrmds pr q ls pltcs s ncrnn n cd ntrvncn d lls y q tng q vr cn l fctr “rcrss hmns”.

Dsd ls prmrs stds sbr l fnmn dl ldrzg, s trt d lbrr n clsfccn gnrl d ls dstnts frms n q s jrc l ldrzg. s, lgns trs dfrncn l ldr frml (s dcr, fcltd pr ls pdrs fcls, sprrs l jrrqcmnt, q sn ls q l nmbrn y cntrln) dl nfrml (ql cy mrgn d dcsn dpnd xclsvmnt dl grp, q s l q dsgn y cntrl s ctcn).

tr dstncn sr l rltv l md d tlzr l pdr: hbr ldrs cy mtvcn sr xclsvmnt l prdccn , l bnfc d l rgnzcn q ncbzn; trs, ls q mstrn s ntrs y prcpcn pr ls prsns q drgn; y trs, ls q trtn d dptr mbs fcts.

ntr ls clsfccns ms dfndds st l q dstng trs stls bscs:

stl trtr tcrtc : s n sstm d ldrzg n l cl l rspnsbldd s smpr dl ldr. l drgnt tcrtc ncst mntnr smpr l cntrl dl grp, dcd ls ctvdds, rlz ls sgncns d trbj y hc q s cmpln. l mbnt d trbj q s cr s pc grtfcnt.

stl dmcrtc prtcptv : n st sstm d ldrzg l rspnsbldd rsd n l grp. l ldr dmcrtc trt d prprcnr drccn l grp hcnd s d ls dscsns pr rslvr ls prblms y s tmr ls dcsns ncsrs prpds pr s msm. n l mbnt s rspr cnfnz, l q n grntz ncsrmnt l fcnc.

Lssz-fr (djr hcr): l sstm s nrqc. n l l rspnsbldd s dstrby ntr ls mmbrs dl grp cd n pr sprd. l ldr n prtcp n l grp djnd q st ct cm qr. st llv n stcn ctc pr l q s cstn s rlmnt s n stl d ldrzg

Pdms dfnr ls tcncs d grp cm l cnjnt d mds, nstrmnts y prcdmnts q, plcds l trbj n grp, srvn pr dsrrllr s fcc, hcr rldd ss ptncldds, stmlr l ccn y fncnmnt dl grp pr lcnzr ss prps bjtvs.

Ls tcncs d trbj n qp dbn bsrsn:

Dsrrllr l sntmnt d grp.

Dsrrllr l cprcn, crrspnsbldd y crtvdd dl grp.

Hcr dpndr l xt d cd n dl d td l grp.

Dsctr sn prdr d vst l bjtv tr y scchnd ls dms.

l hr d plcr n dnmc d grps s ncsr bsrvr lgns spcts cm sn:

) Ls bjtvs q s prsgn. L prmr sr dfnr ls bjtvs y dsps lgr l tcnc.

b) L mdrz y ntrnmnt dl grp. S l grp tn pc prctc hbr q mpzr pr tcncs snclls, cn n prtcpcn grdl.

c) l tmñ dl grp. n ls grnds grps s prfrbl tlzr dnmcs q stblzcn sbgrps.

d) Crctrstcs d ls mmbrs. dd, ntrss, mtvcns...

) xprnc y cpcdd dl nmdr drctr.

Pdms clsfcr ls tcncs d grp sgn trs crtrs:

Sgn l tmñ dl grp

-- Grnd (fr, cnfrnc...).

-- Mdn (dbt, dscsn drgd, clq, ms rdnd...).

-- Pqñ (smnr d trbj, brnstrmng , cmsn...).

Sgn l prtcpcn d «xprts»

-- ctvdd prdmnnt d ls xprts (ntrvst pblc, smps, ms rdnd pnl...).

-- Prtcp ctvmnt td l grp ( Phlps 6/6, rl-plyng , cchch...).

Sgn ss fcts n l grp

-- Stsfccn d ls prsns (tcncs d prsntcn y fvrcdrs d ls rlcns prsnls...).

-- fcc d l tr (tcncs pr l tm d dcsns y pr l rgnzcn...).

l rgn d l mtvcn rsd n ls ncsdds. xstn trs tps d ncsdds:

<>Ncsdds rgncs: sn ls q drvn d nstr ntrlz nml y s rntn l sprvvnc. Hy ds tps d ncsdds rgncs: fslgcs (lmntcn, xgn), y d sgrdd prtccn nt l plgr.

<>Ncsdds scls: sn ls q s drvn d l ntrlz dl hmbr cm sr scl, rntds vvr n grp y sclzrs. L ncsdd ms sgnfctv s l d sccn: l ds d stblcr rlcns fctvs cn trs prsns y sr cptd n dvrss grps scls.

<>Ncsdds psclgcs: sn prdct d l psq hmn y d l tcncnc dl y. Ls hy d vrs tps: ncsdd d stm prp y jn (vlcn d nstr prsnldd), ncsdd d pdr (cntrlr ls mds q prmtn drgr l cmprtmnt d trs), ncsdd d lgrs (tnr xt n l q s hc), ncsdd d cmptnc (dsnvlvrs bn n l ntrn), y ncsdd d trrlzcn (lcnzr l mxm xprsn dl y).

Mslw cntmpl sts ncsdds cm n jrrq, n ls q hy q stsfcr ls ncsdds vtls nts q ls scndrs, st s, pr sclzrs, s cnvnnt stsfcr ls ncsdds rgncs.

Ls fnts dl Drch sn l cnjnt d nrms y prncps d plccn gnrl plcbl n cs plntd. n l mbt lbrl (rt. 3 dl TRT), ls rlcns lbrls s rgln:

Pr ls dspscns lgls y rglmntrs dl std.

Pr ls cnvns clctvs.

Pr l vlntd d ls prts (mnfstd n l cntrt d trbj).

Pr ls ss y cstmbrs lcls y prfsnls.

l Drch Lbrl tn dvrss pdrs nrmtvs, clsfcds n ds tps:

<>Pdrs nrmtvs ntrns: s nclyn q ls pdrs nrmtvs dl std n s vrtnt lgsltv y rglmntr, l pdr nrmtv d ls prts scls y l pdr nrmtv d ls clctvdds lbrls nrgncs (ls cstmbrs).

<>Pdrs nrmtvs sprncnls: trbd nts sprncnls (cm l ) y ls Gbrns sttls lgtmds pr sscrbr trtds ntrncnls cn trs pss.

<>Dspscns lgls: l Ly cnstty l prmr fnt d ls rlcns lbrls, s n nrm scrt prcdnt d ls Crts Gnrls. n nstr sstm d fnts, l Ly sprm s l Cnsttcn d 1978 (C), q stblc ls prncps bscs dl sstm sccnmc. n mtr lbrl, n st sntd, hy ds tps d lys:

<>Lys rgncs.

<>Lys rdnrs.

Jnt sts nrms, l C psblt l Gbrn l dctmn d nrms cn rng d ly n ds css:

Cnd ls Crts dlgn l lgslcn n l Gbrn, n rzns d fcc y gldd dl prcs nrmtv.

l dctmn d Dcrts-ly n css d rgnc y ncsdd, q dbn sr rmtds l Cngrs pr s cnvldcn drgcn (plz d 30 ds).

Cn rspct ls lys tnmcs, l C rcnc q ls CC tnn ptstd lgsltv n s mbt trrtrl, nq ls CC n pdn rglr ls rlcns lbrls n prncp, slv n ds xcpcns:

<>L ly mrc: trbynd ls Crts ls CC l fcltd d dctr nrms lgsltvs n l mrc d ls prncps, bss y drctrcs d n ly sttl.

<>Dlgcn: trbynd l std ls CC fcltds d ttlrdd sttl.

<>Dspscns rglmntrs: Ls dspscns rglmntrs sn nrms d rng nfrr ls lys dctds pr l Gbrn.n mtr lbrl, l TRT sl dmt ls rglmnts jctvs, slv n ds xcpcns:

l Gbrn pdr dctr rglmnts sbr cndcns d trbj pr sctrs sn Cnvn Clctv.

lbrcn d RD sbr rlcns lbrls spcls, prbds n vrtd d n hbltcn lgl my mpl.

n l mbt tnmc, l C rcnc ls CC l ptstd rglmntr y n mtr lbrl y s ls prmt dctr rglmnts. n mtr d SS, pdn dctr rglmnts n dsrrll d ss prps lys.

<>Ls Cnvns clctvs: Ls Cnvns clctvs sn n nrm spcfc dl Drch Lbrl frt dl crd ntr ls sndcts y ls mprsrs, n l q s fjn ls cndcns d ls rlcns d trbj nclds n s mbt d plccn. xstn trs mnfstcns d l tnm clctv, cm: ls cnvns clctvs xtrstttrs, y ls crds clctvs d mprs, ngcds ntr l drccn d l mprs y l rprsntcn d ls trbjdrs.

<>l cntrt d trbj: n l cntrt d trbj, ls prts cntrtnts, mdnt n cntrt pct, pdn stblcr drchs y blgcns n rlcn l trbj.

L lbrtd d ls cntrtnts s dmt ncmnt n ls sgnts spsts:

n cs d vc lgl n ls dspscns sttls y cnvncnls.

n ls mtrs rglds pr nrms dspstvs.

n bs l prncp d nrm mnm pdrn sprr ls mnms stblcds pr nrms sttls y cnvncnls, pctnd mjrs.

n ls spcts q l ly rsrv l cntrt (cm l dtrmncn d l ntrlz dl trbj cntrtd l clsfccn prfsnl y drcn dl cntrt).

<>L cstmbr lbrl (nrm cnstdnr): L cstmbr lbrl s n nrm gnrc dl Drch dl trbj d rgn xtrsttl, crd mpst pr l s scl. Pr q s plq, tnn q drs vrs rqsts:

s plcbl n dfct d ly (pr sr n fnt sbsdr).

Db sr lct, y n cntrr l mrl y l rdn pblc.

Db sr prbd pr qn l lg.

Db sr d mbt lcl y prfsnl.

<>Prncps gnrls dl Drch: ls prncps gnrls dl Drch tmbn frmn prt d l fnt dl Drch. Sn nrms cmns l myr prt d ls rdnmnts Jrdcs d ls stds. Jnt sts prncps, xstn trs d rgn sprncnl:

Ls prncps gnrls dl Drch ntrncnl.

L cstmbr ntrncnl.

Ls cnvns clctvs ntrncnls.

Ls cnvns d l rgnzcn ntrncnl dl Trbj (T).

Ls trtds clbrds pr spñ y pblcds fclmnt.

Ls Pcts y Dclrcns prbds n l sn dl Cnsj cnmc y scl d l N.

Ls crds dl Cnsj d rp.

Ls stds d l hn d rsptr l Drch cmntr y plcrl n fncn d ls prncps d “prmc dl drch cmntr” y dl d “fct drct”.
L prmc dl Drch Cmntr: L prmc dl Drch Cmntr s n prncp, cnsgrd pr l Jrsprdnc dl Trbnl d Jstc, q ld l prvlnc d l nrmtv cmntr sbr l nrmtv ntrn (cnd s prdcn cnflcts ntr nrms ntrns y cmntrs, db plcrs l cmntr).
L prmc fct td l rdnmnt cmntr, tnt l Drch prmr ( rgnr) cm l sgndr ( drvd), ct nt td nrm ncnl, ndpndntmnt d s rng lgl.
l fct drct dl Drch Cmntr: l fct drct s n prncp dsrrlld pr l Jrsprdnc dl Trbnl d Jstc d l . L dctrn dstng ntr l plcbldd drct d ls nrms cmntrs, q sgnfc q l nrm n ncst nngn mdd cmntr n ncnl pr s plccn ntrn, y l fct drct, q spn l nvcbldd d l nrm pr prtclrs, l hbr crd l nrm cmntr dtrmnds drchs prtgbls.
L dctrn cnsdr q ls sgnts nrms d Drch Cmntr gzn d fct drct:
Ls Trtds Cmntrs tnn dspscns drctmnt plcbls tnt vrtcl cm hrzntlmnt.
Ls rglmnts sn drctmnt plcbls d frm cmplt.
Ls dcsns drgds prtclrs gzn d fct drct cmplt.
Ls drctvs q n hn sd trnspsts n ls plzs prvsts ncrrctmnt trnspsts gzrn d fct drct vrtcl, smpr q l drctv cntng n blgcn clr.
l prncp d fct tl dl fct drct d l nrmtv cmntr rmrc l blgcn d ls stds d rprr ls dñs csds prtclrs cnd s ncmpln nrms cmntrs, smpr q s dn ls sgnts rqsts:
Q l nrm cmntr stblzc n drch pr prtclrs. Q l vlcn d l nrm s clr.
Q xst n rlcn cs-fct ntr l nfrccn y l dñ.

l mrc sclbrl crd pr l C d 1978 h trbd cmptncs n mtr lbrl dvrss nts dmnstrtvs:

- Rptr dl mnpl dl std n l rglcn d ls rlcns lbrls fvr dl cnvn clctv.

- Cmptnc d ls CC pr l jccn d l lgslcn lbrl y srvcs d l SS.

- trbcn xclsv d fncns jdcls ls trbnls.

L dmnstrcn sttl st frmd pr n cnjnt d rgns cn cmptncs prps, prsnfcds n fncnrs pltcs y dmnstrtvs. S rglcn lgl s ncntr n l Ly d rgnzcn y fncnmnt d l dmnstrcn dl std (LFG), n l Mnstr d Trbj nmgrcn (MTN), y ls cmptncs n mtrs d SS n l LGSS. Ls rgns cntrls dl MTN sn: l Mnstr, l Sbscrtr d Trbj nmgrcn, l Scrtr Gnrl d mpl, l Scrtr d std d nmgrcn y mgrcn, y l Scrtr d std d l SS. Ls rgns prvncls, tnn ls sgnts cmptncs:

- Ls Árs fncnls d Trbj nmgrcn: s ncrgn d trzr l trbj d ls xtrnjrs, ydr mgrnts spñls y d ls rclmcns l std pr slrs d trmtcn n jcs pr dspd.

- Pr l nspccn Prvncl d Trbj y Sgrdd Scl: s ncrg d vglr l cmplmnt d ls nrms d rdn scl, y xgr ls rspnsbldds scls, s cm ssrr, mdr y cnclr ntr ss mtrs. l mbt d ctcn d ls rgns prvncls s xtnd : ? Ls mprss, cntrs d trbj y trs lgrs dnd hy prstcn lbrl.

- Prts, rprts, vhcls y pnts d sld n l rltv vjs d mgrcn nmgrcn ntrr.

- ntdds y mprss clbrdrs n l gstn d l SS y n mtr d prtccn y prmcn scl.

- Ls scdds cprtvs y scdds lbrls n rlcn s cnsttcn y fncnmnt.

n l xtrr, l MTN h cnfgrd nsttcns (cm l Cnsjr d Trbj nmgrcn (CTN)) q dsrrlln fncns d tp nsttcnl, nfrmtv y sstncl, cm l prstcn d sstnc y ssrmnt ls trbjdrs spñls y ss fmls, y mntnr rlcns d cprcn y yd cn ls sccns y cntrs d mgrnts spñls n l xtrnjr.

l cntrt d trbj pd clbrrs d frm scrt d plbr. S prsm xstnt td cntrt n l q n prst n srvc y l tr l trg l prmr n rmnrcn cmb.

Dbrn cnstr pr scrt qlls q sl dspng l ly y ls cntrts d prctc, tmp prcl, dmcl, pr l rlzcn d n br srvc dtrmnd, ls trbjdrs xtrnjrs, ls cntrts pr tmp dtrmnd cn drcn sprr ls 4 smns (s n fr s, s cnsdr jrnd cmplt y d frm ndfnd). (Clqr d ls prts pdrxgr q l cntrt s frmlc pr scrt, ncls drnt l trnscrs d l rlcn lbrl.)

l mprsr ntrgr l rprsntcn lgl d ls trbjdrs n cp bsc d tds ls cntrts q dbn clbrrs pr scrt, n l q s cntnn tds ls dts dl cntrt xcpcn d ls q fctn l ntmdd prsnl dl trbjdr. n cp bsc s nvr l fcn d mpl. Cn rspct ls cntrts sjts l blgcn d rgstr n l SP, l cp b?sc s nvrjnt cn l cntrt l fcn d mpl.

Cnd l rlcn lbrl tng n drcn sprr 4 smns, l mprsr db nfrmr l trbjdr pr scrt sbr ls lmnts sncls dl cntrt y ls cndcns d l prstcn lbrl. L nfrmcn gnrl sbr dchs cndcns db nclr, l mns:

- L dntdd d ls prts dl cntrt d trbj.
- L fch d cmnz d l rlcn lbrl y l drcn d l msm n cs dcntrt tmprl.

- l dmcl scl d l mprs y l cntr d trbj dnd l trbjdr prst ss srvcs hbtlmnt (cnd trbj n vrs cntrs cn nrmldd, dbrntfcrs s crcnstnc).

- L ctgr dl pst d trbj.
- L cnt dl slr bs ncl y d ls cmplmnts slrls. scm lprdcdd d s pg.

- L drcn y dstrbcn d l jrnd rdnr lbrl.

- L drcn d ls vccns.

- Ls plzs d prvs q stn blgds rsptr l mprsr y l trbj n cs d xtncn d cntrt.

- l cnvn clctv plcbl l rlcn lbrl.

S l trbjdr tn q prstr srvcs n l xtrnjr, dbrnclrs nfrmcn dcnl: l drcn, l mnd n q srpgd l slr, ls rtrbcns n dnr n spc (dts, cmpnscns pr gsts...), y ls cndcns d rptrcn dl trbjdr.

l mprsr dbrnfrmr pr scrt l trbjdr sbr clqr mdfccn d ls lmnts y cndcns xpsts prvmnt, mns q s nfrmcn drv d n rfrnc ls dspscns lgls, rglmntrs d ls cnvns.

L nfrmcn dbrsr prprcnd n n plz mxm d 2 mss dsd l cmnz d l rlcn lbrl. S prt l xtrnjr, nts d s prtd.

Cntrtcn lbrl dl mnr

n l mbt lbrl, sn mnrs qlls q n hn lcnzd l myr d dd, nq s ls prmt trbjr ls myrs d 16 n mncpds cn l trzcn d ss prgntrs, dl ttr lgl n s dfct. Cm xcpcn, s prmt trbjr ls mnrs d 16 n spctcls pblcs cn l trzcn d l trdd lbrl y ls prgntrs pr cts dtrmnds.

Prtccn lgl dl mnr

L rglcn lgl dl trbj dl mnr s ncntr n dvrss dcmnts: n l T, n l TRT (prhbcn d trbj nctrn), n l Ly d Prvncn d Rsgs Lbrls (LPRL), n ls Nrms sctrls (l mnr rcb clfccns d prndz, sstnt), y Cnvns ntrncnls rtfcds pr spñ (cm ls cnvns d l T).

Cncpts dctrnls

L clsfccn prfsnl s n mcnsm jrdc q cnct l trbjdr cn l cnjnt nrmtv q rgl s rlcn cntrctl (tds ls spcts d l rlcn lbrl). L clsfccn prfsnl prsnt ds plns: l clsfccn prfsnl bjtv y l clsfccn prfsnl sbjtv.

<>Clsfccn prfsnl bjtv: L clsfccn prfsnl bjtv ld l stblcmnt dl sstm d clsfccn prfsnl stblcd pr l ngccn clctv. s n cnjnt sstmtzd d fncns y pttds ncsrs pr dsrrllr ls trs, grpds bjtvmnt n grps prfsnls.

Mdnt l ngccn clctv l crd ntr l mprs y ls rprsntnts d trbjdrs s stblcr l sstm d clsfccn prfsnl d ls trbjdrs pr md d grps prfsnls. (Db tnrs n cnt l rglcn dspst n ls Cnvns Clctvs pr l rglcn d ls grps prfsnls.)

<>Clsfccns prfsnl sbjtv: L clsfccn prfsnl sbjtv ld l ct d ncdrmnt dl trbjdr ndvdlmnt cnsdrd dntr dl sstm d clsfccn prfsnl lbrd. Gnrlmnt, l grp prfsnl sgnd s crrspnd cn l clfccn q l trbjdr stnt, nq n ncsrmnt, y q n smpr n prsn trbj n l q s h prprd, ncls ttld.

L clsfccn prfsnl sbjtv ncd n ls sgnts spcts d l rlcn lbrl:

<>n l prstcn d trbj: xgbl l trbjdr. <>n l rmnrcn mnm: y q nngn trbjdr pd rcbr n rmnrcn nfrr l mrcd n s grp prfsnl. <>Sbr ls dstnts grds d nvldz prmnnt: q s clfcn n fncn d l prfsn hbtl dtrmnd pr l grp prfsnl. <>n mtr d prtccn pr dsmpl: y q n d ls css d prdd d l prstcn s rchzr frts d clccn dcd, y s cnsdr q l s cnd s crrspnd cn ls grps prfsnls dl trbjdr crrspndnts mpls ntrrs. <>trs cndcns d trbj: cm l jrnd, lgr, cnt d ls dts… <>n l drcn mxm dl prd d prb.

Ls scnss

n scns s n mdfccn n l rlcn lbrl q cnsst n rclsfcr l trbjdr n n grp sprr l q tn nclmnt, l q spn n mjr prfsnl y cnmc pr l trbjdr fctd.

n l ngccn clctv, l nrml s q s scnd pr mrts. l scns tmtc sl s prdc cnd l dspng l Cnvn Clctv. D gl md, s pd xclr tmbn dl scns n prsn drnt n prd d tmp pr sncns grvs my grvs.

Cncpt

L jrnd s l tmp n l q l trbjdr pn dspscn dl mprsr s prstcn lbrl cmb d slr. (l nmr d hrs d jrnd s fj cn crtrs d ntrlz cnmc y scl, y dsd l pnt d vst scl y jrdc, s plnt l prblm d lmtr s drcn mxm pr ttlr l sld dl trbjdr.)

Trdcnlmnt, s fjcn s rlzb cn n mdl dr y s dstrb mdnt l fjcn dl hrr. Hy n d, s dmtn trs mdls d cmpt ms flxbls (cm l smnl l nl y s ncst dstrbr l jrnd n ls dfrnts ds d l smn n ls dstnts smns dl ñ.

Rgmn jrdc d l jrnd mxm

S rglcn lgl s hll n l TRT (rts 34-36) (sbr jrnds spcls), n l Drctv (stblc ls dspscns mnms d sgrdd y sld n tmp d trbj), y n ls dspscns d ls Cnvns Clctvs, q tnn n dbl rgmn jrdc: l rgmn jrdc cmn, y ls rgmns spcls.

<>Rgmn jrdc cmn: l jrnd lbrl sr l pctd n Cnvn Clctv n l CT, rsptnd ls lmts lgls. Ls lmts lgls l jrnd rdnr sn:

<>Drcn mxm d 40h smnls d trbj fctv. <>ntr ls hrs d trbj fctv, s ncntrn: l s prsnl, ls rcncmnts mdcs, l frmcn n mtr d prvncn y l llmd “ps dl bcdll. (Hbr 15 mn. d dscns pr ls myrs d 18 cn jrnds cntnds drs sprrs 6h, y 30 mn. pr ls mnrs d 18 cn jrnds cntnds sprrs 4h30mn.) <>ntr l fnl d n jrnd y cmnz d l tr, dbn psr l mns 12h (ncls cnd s rlcn hrs xtrrdnrs). <>l dscns smnl sr mnm d 1 d y md (cmlbl pr prds d hst 14 ds). <>N pdn sprrs 9h rdnrs d trbj fctv drs.

L dstrbcn rrglr d l jrnd prmt dptr l dstrbcn d ls tmps d trbj ls ncsdds spcfcs dl prcs prdctv, trbjnds ms hrs n ns pcs dl ñ, y trbjnds mns n trs, n ncdnd sbr l slr q s prcb d frm rglr. (Ls lmts mrcds ldn l prstcn d srvcs pr n sl mprsr, n cs d plrmpl dchs hrs pdrn sprrs, xcpt ls mnrs d 18, q tnn n trtmnt lgl spcl l n pdr rlzr ms d 8h drs fctvs, nclynd l tmp d frmcn.)

<>Rgmns spcls: Hy lgns sctrs y ctvdds q tnn s prp nrmtv, cn jrnds mplds rdcds.

S stblc jrnd mpld pr ls sgnts clctvs: mplds d fncs rbns cn pln ddccn, grds y vglnts n frrvrs, rbjdrs dl cmp, cmrc y hstlr, trnsprtsts (crrtr, mr, frrvrs y rs), trbj trns, trbjs d pst n mrch y crr d ls dms, trbjs n cndcns spcls d slmnt ljn, trbjs cn jrnds frccnds…

S stblcn jrnds rdcds pr: trbjs xpsts rsgs mbntls, trbjs n l cmp, n l ntrr d ls mns, n cmrs frgrfcs y d cnglcn, y trbjs d cnstrccn y brs pblcs. l T cntmpl trs css d jrnd rdcd:

<>Ls trbjdrs, pr lctnc: cn 1h d drch d snc l trbj. n cs d prt mltpl, mnt l tmp d snc. <>Rdccns d jrnd pr cdds d prsns crg dl trbjdr (prsns cn dscpcdd fsc, psqc snsrl, mnrs d 12 ñs, cdd drct d n fmlr hst l sgnd grd d cnsngndd, cdd drnt l hsptlzcn y trtmnt d n fmlr mnr cn cncr…), cn drch rdccn d l jrnd y dsmncn prprcnl dl slr. <>Css d ncmnts d hjs prmtrs q dbn prmncr hsptlzds (s tndr 1h d drch d snc dl trbj, 2h s s dsmny tmbn l slr). <>Ls trbjdrs tmp prcl q prstn s srvc n nmr nfrr d hrs l tmp cmplt. <>Ls trbjdrs vctms d vlnc d gnr (drch l rdccn d l jrnd cn dsmncn prprcnl dl slr). <>Rdccn d l jrnd lbrl pr css cnmcs, tcncs, rgnztvs d prdccn (cn rrgl pr l sspnsn d cntrts pr sts css). <>l trbjdr tndr drch dptr s jrnd lbrl pr mtvs d cnclcn d l vd prsnl, fmlr y lbrl (n ls trmns stblcds pr l ngccn clctv l crd cn l mprsr).

Pr grntzr l fctv prcpcn dl slr, l lgsldr rtcl n sr d mdds n rlcn l lgr, tmp y frm d pg.

Lgr d pg

Ls prts cntrtnts pdn pctr lbrmnt l lgr n l q sr bnd l slr (T, rt. 29.1), l hbtl s q s bnd n l cntr d trbj mdnt trnsfrnc bncr. S prhb hcrl n ls ds d dscns n lgrs d c, slv q s s l cntr d trbj.

Tmp d pg

l slr dbr bnrs n l fch cnvnd. flt d pct, n l q mrqn ls ss y cstmbrs, sn q xcd d n ms. l trbjdr pd prcbr ntcps smpr y cnd n s xcdn d l cnt mnsl. S l mprsr s rtrs n l pg pd sr sncnd, pdnd rclmrs nt l rslcn jdcl s s mpntldd s hc d frm cntnd.

Frm d pg

L ly xg q l lqdcn dl slr s hg dcmntlmnt, mdnt rcb ndvdl jstfctv dl pg. Ést dbr sr frmd pr l trbjdr l srl ntrgd n dplcd. S l pg s fct mdnt trnsfrnc bncr, l frm s sstty pr l cmprbnt xpdd pr l ntdd.

l ncmplmnt d sts blgcns frmls hc ncrrr l mprsr n rspnsbldd dmnstrtv.

Bss d ctzcn

L bs d ctzcn, pr tds ls cntngncs y stcns prtgds pr l ccn prtctr dl Rgmn Gnrl, str cnsttd pr l rmnrcn ttl q, cn crctr mnsl, tng drch prcbr l trbjdr, pr rzn dl trbj q rlc pr cnt jn (n dnr n spc), y rtrbyn l trbj fctv ls prds d dscns cmptbls cm d trbj.

L bs d ctzcn pr cntngncs cmns s dtrmn n fncn d n sr d rgls:

S cmptrn ls rtrbcns mnsls dvngds (nclds ls hrs xtrs). l rsltd d l sm d l rgl ntrr n pd sr nfrr l bs mnm slrl sprr l bs mxm. Cnd stms nt rtrbcns drs, l bs dr btnd s mltplcr pr l nmr rl d ds q cmprnd l ms n cstn.

L bs d ctzcn pr cntngncs prfsnls, dsmpl, FGS y FP s btn d l msm mnr, pr cn ls sgnts xcpcns: s cmptrn l mprt d ls hrs xtrrdnrs, snd l cntdd rsltnt n sprr l tp mxm n nfrr l mnm vgnt cd ñ.

Bss sjts rtncns ngrss cnts dl RPF

Tds ls prcpcns drvds dl trbj prsnl stn sjts rtncn ngrs cnt, cn ls xcpcns lglmnt stblcds.

L blgcn d rtnr s prdc cnd s bnn ls rtrbcns, pr ll, ls trbjdrs dbn crdtr l pgdr s stcn prsnl y fmlr l nc d l prstcn lbrl. l prcntj d rtncn plcbl ls rtrbcns dnrrs y n spc s btn cnfrm ls clcls mrcds pr l Ly Trbtr. L rglrzcn pdr rlzrs mnsl trmstrlmnt drnt ls trs prmrs trmstrs dl ñ y mnsls ls ltms trs mss, pcn dl pgdr.

Ls lccns sndcls sn lccns d ls rprsntnts dl prsnl n cd cntr d trbj.

Pdrn sr lctrs ls trbjdrs d l mprs cn ms d 16 ñs y cn n ntgdd d l mns n ms n l mprs. Y pdrn sr lgbls qlls trbjdrs d l mprs cn 18 ms ñs cn n ntgdd d l mns 6 mss n l mprs.

ntr ls css d ls lccns pdn sr dvrss:

Fnlzcn dl mndt d ls rprsntnts d prsnl lcts. Prcs lctrl rlzd ntrrmnt dclrd cm nl. Pr nc d l ctvdd n n cntr d trbj.

stn lgmtds pr prmvr lccns ls sgnts sjts:

rgnzcns sndcls ms rprsnttvs. rgnzcns sndcls cn n mnm d 10% d trbjdrs n l mprs. Ls trbjdrs d l mprs pr crd myrtr d ls msms.

Pr prmvr ls lccns, hy n sr d rgls gnrls:

Prvs: ls prmtrs dbrn cmncr l mprs y l fcn pblc l prpst d clbrr lccns, ndcnd l nmbr d l mprs, l cntr d trbj dnd s dsrrll l prcs lctrl, y l fch dl msm. Plz: l cmnccn db fctrs cn n plz mnm d n ms d ntlcn l prcs lctrl. L fcn pblc xpndr n s tbln d nncs ls prvss prsntds l d (hbl) sgnt s prsntcn. L flt d cmnccn l mprs pdr splrs mdnt n cp d l cmnccn prsntd l fcn pblc.

S n s cmpln ls rqsts, qdr nl l cnvctr.

Pr l prcs lctrl, l ms s cnsttr d l frm sgnt:

L ms lctrl s cnstty n l fch fjd pr ls prmtrs n s cmncd, stnd ntgrd pr l Prsdnt, y ds vcls n vz sbd l mprs d l cnvctr d lccns, dbr cmncrsl ls ntgrnts d l ms. L ms s cnstty mdnt ct trgd l fct, n l fch fjd.

Ls fncns d l ms lctrl sn:

Cnsttr l cns lctrl. Fjr l nmr d rprsntnts q hbr d lgrs. stblcr l fch tp d prsntcn d cnddtrs y rcbmnt y prclmcn d ls msms. Dtrmnr l fch d l vtcn. Prsdr l vtcn, rlzr l scrtn, rdctr l ct y rslvr ls rclmcns.

l prcs d vtcns prcd d l sgnt mnr:

L vtcn s dsrrllr n l cntr d trbj drnt l jrnd lbrl. L lccn d ls dlgds d prsnl s rlz mdnt l vtcn d ls lctrs q pdn vtr n mxm d cnddts gl l nmr d psts cbrr. L lccn d ls mmbrs dl cmt d mprs s dsrrll mdnt ds clgs dstnts: l d tcncs y dmnstrtvs, y l d spclsts y trbjdrs n clfcds. n cd clg s lg n nmr d rprsntnts prprcnl l d ls trbjdrs ntgrnts dl clg. n vz fnlzd l vtcn, l ms prcdr rlzr l scrtn d ls vts y l rcnt. Lg s lvntr n ct, q dbr sr prsntd n l fcn pblc (plz d 3 ds), dnd dbr sr rgstrd (plz 10 ds).

Ls rclmcns pdrn plntrs nt l jrsdccn cmptnt:

L lgtmcn pr rlzr ls rclmcns s cncd qns tngn ntrs lgtm, ncld l mprs. Pdrn sr bjt d mpgncn ls dcsns q tm l ms y clqr tr ctcn d l msm l lrg dl prcs lctrl. Ls rbtrs srn dsgnds cn mndts d cnc ñs pr crd nnm d ls sndcts ms rprsnttvs nvl sttl d CC, tnnd sts ttl mprcldd n l prcs.

l fncnmnt dl sndct s rg pr ls nrms dlmtds n ss sttts q db cntnr l sgnt nfrmcn (LLS, rt. 4.2): dnmncn dl sndct, dmcl, mbt trrtrl y fncnl d ctcn, rgns d rprsntcn, gbrn, dmnstrcn y fncnmnt, rqsts y prcdmnts pr l dqscn y prdd d l cndcn d flds, rgmn d mdfccn d sttts, fsn y dslcn dl sndct, rgmn cnmc d l rgnzcn, prcdnc y dstn d ss rcrss, y ls mds pr cncr l stcn cnmc pr prt d ls flds.

Prncp d dmcrc sndcl

l prncp d dmcrc sndcl pn d mnfst ds crctrstcs: prhbcn dl sndclsm trtr y l xgnc d l dmcrc ntrn pr lgr lbrmnt ls rprsntnts.

Fncnmnt cnmc dl sndct

Ls sndcts ncstn rcrss cnmcs pr sbsstr y rlzr ss fncns. sts rcrss tnn dstnt prcdnc: ns sn pblcs y trs prvds.

Rcrss d prcdnc prvd: Ls rcrss d prcdnc prvd prcdn d: l ct sndcl, l cnn d ngccn y rprsntcn, y d dntvs y frt d s ptrmn.

Ct sndcl: s l cntdd d dnr q prdcmnt prtn ls flds dl sndct pr l sstnmnt dl msm. st ct s nmbrgbl. Cnn d ngccn y rprsntcn: s n cntrbcn d ls trbjdrs pr cstr ls gsts d ngccn dl Cnvn Clctv. Dntvs y frt dl ptrmn.

Rcrss d prcdnc pblc: Ls pdrs pblcs hn prtd rcrss pblcs ls sndcts pr s lbr d lgr y mntnmnt d l pz scl. L Ly d Prspsts Gnrls dl std ncly l crrspndnt prtd n st sntd (cncdnd sbvncns y csn d nmbls).

L vgnc d ls CC ld s drcn l lrg dl tmp. Ls CC ncn pr rglr cndcns lbrls, cndcns q pdn mntnrs l lrg dl tmp pr q tmbn pdn r vrnd. Pr ll, l ly h crd n sstm d prrrgs y dnncs q prmt prrrgr n CC xtngr s vgnc.

L prrrg s n mcnsm jrdc q cnsst n lrgr l vgnc d n cnvn hst q n md s dnnc xprs. L dnnc s l mcnsm pr pnr fn l vgnc d n cnvn.

S d cncrrnc d cnvns cnd ds ms d sts pdn sr plcds n ls msms mbts. Pr nrm gnrl, cd rlcn lbrl sl pd rglrs pr n CC, pr hy xcpcns:

Cnd l prp cnvn crd l plccn d tr cnvn n lgns stcns. Ls rgnzcns sndcls y sccns mprsrls ms rprsnttvs y cn l lgtmcn ncsr pdrn stblcr l strctr d l ngccn clctv y fjr rgls pr rslvr ls cnflcts d cncrrnc ntr CC d dstnt mbt trvs d crds ntrprfsnls y mdnt cnvns. L rglcn d ls cndcns stblcds n l cnvn d mprs d grps d mprss tndr prrdd plctv rspct dl cnvn sctrl, sttl, tnmc d mbt sprr, xcpt n ls sgnts mtrs: cnt dl slr bs y cmplmnts slrls, pg d ls hrs xtrrdnrs y trbj trns, l hrr y dstrbcn dl trbj, l dptcn l mbt d l mprs dl sstm d clsfccn prfsnl d ls trbjdrs, y l dptcn d ls mdldds d cntrtcn dds pr l T ls cnvns d mprs, ls mdds pr fvrcr l cnclcn d l vd lbrl, fmlr y prsnl, y ls mdds sbr l strctr d l ngccn clctv y ls rgls pr rslvr ls cnflcts d cncrrnc ntr CC d dstnt mbt. L cncrrnc d cnvns prvcd ntr n d CC y tr sttl dr prfrnc l d CC smpr q hy sd ngcd pr sndcts y sccns mprsrls lgtmds pr ll.

L mvldd ggrfc cnsst n n cmb dl lgr d trbj. st tp d mdfccn d ls cndcns d trbj pd tnr s rgn n cmbs dscplnrs, cnmcs, tcncs, rgnztvs d prdccn, y pd sr nltrl ( dcsn dl mprsr) d mt crd (pct nvtr). st mdfccn vn rgld n l T (rt. 40).

Sgn l drcn dl cmb d lgr d trbj, s dstng ntr trslds y dsplzmnts.

Trslds: Ls trslds sn cmbs ggrfcs cn drcn sprr ls 12 mss n n prd d 3 ñs q mplqn n cmb d rsdnc. l trsld pd sr ndvdl clctv.

Trsld ndvdl: s prdc d frm nltrl pr l mprsr, snd ntfcd prvmnt (30 ds d ntlcn) l trbjdr y ss rprsntnts.

l trbjdr pd ptr ntr: cptr l trsld, tnnd drch cmpnscn cnmc pr ls gsts drvds dl pst; cmplr l rdn d trsld, pr mpgnndl nt l Jrsdccn Scl; bn rchzr l trsld, xtngnds l cntrt y tnnd drch n ndmnzcn d 20 ds d slr pr ñ d srvc cn n lmt d 12 mnsldds.

Trsld clctv: pr q s clctv, db fctr l ttldd dl cntr d trbj (smpr q s tngn ms d 5 trbjdrs), l 10% d ls mprss cn 100-300 trbjdrs, 30 trbjdrs mnm s l mprs tn ms d 300.

l trsld clctv db r prcdd d n prd d cnslt n l q s ntfcrn ls css dl trsld y s drcn tmprl. Drnt st prd, ls prts pdrn ngcr d bn f pr llgr n crd. Trs ll, l mprsr ntfc s rslcn fnl, s s st dscnfrm l rspct, pd rclmrs cntr ls dcsns dl trsld n cnflct clctv.

Dsplzmnts: Ls dsplzmnts sn cmbs ggrfcs cn drcn nfrr ls 12 mss n n prd d trs ñs. Tn n prcdmnt smlr l d ls trslds, y s s clctv dbn fndmntrs rzns cnmcs, tcncs, rgnztvs d prdccn pr prt dl mprsr.

l trbjdr, l rspct, pd: cptr l dsplzmnt, tnnd drch cmpnscn cnmc pr ls gsts drvds dl pst; cmplr l rdn d dsplzmnt, pr mpgnndl nt l Jrsdccn Scl (plz 20 ds).

l T (rt. 53) rgl l frm y fcts d l xtncn pr css bjtvs. l trbjdr dbr rcbr n prvs cn 15 ds d ntlcn y n cmnccn scrt d l xtncn, n l q s xprs l cs y tng drch n ndmnzcn d 20 ds d slr cn n mxm d 12 mnsldds.

Pr grntzr l prtccn jrdc d ls trbjdrs, s stblc n prcs lbrl spcfc rgd pr nrms prcsls spcfcs.

Prncps dl prcs lbrl

L LJS s d crctr ttv, prtctr y cmpnsdr y rcnc dvrss prncps:

Ls prncps gnrls sn:

Prncp d cntrdccn: ls prts xpnn ss prtnsns psts. Prncp d pblcdd d jc: l jc s d dnc pblc. Prncp d dspstvdd: ls prts dbn prtr hchs y prbs pr fndmntr s drch.

Hy tmbn n sr d prncps spcfcs:

Prncp d rldd: prsg l smplfccn y l clrdd d frm rl. Prncp d clrdd. Prncp d nmdcn: snd l vst rl y nt l jz d dnc pblc. Prncp d cncntrcn: ls fss d cnclcn s cncntrn n n ct. Prncp d nstnc nc: l mpgncn n rbr l dscsn lgl. Prncp d mpls jdcl: trgd l jz ls fcltds ncsrs. Prncp d cnm: cntrbynd grntzr l ttl jdcl fctv ndpndntmnt dl cptl q tng cd prt.

l bjt dl prcs

l bjtv dl prcs lbrl s rslvr ls dfrncs ntr ls prts pr sgrr n rlcn lbrl dcd. L nv LJS tn cm bjtv l rdncn d ls mtrs bjt d cncmnt dl rdn scl, snd l rdn scl l prncpl grnt d l nrmtv d prvncn d rsgs lbrls (PRL).

Prcdmnt

l prcs rdnr lbrl s strctr n vrs fss: dmnd, cnclcn jdcl, jc, dlgncs fnls, y l sntnc.

Dmnd: l prcs rdnr cmnz cn l dmnd, n ll s rcg l ptcn pr ncr l prcs y ls css q l mtvn. L dmnd, dms, dbr cntnr l dsgncn gnrc dl rgn nt l q s prsnt, l dsgncn d ls dmndnts y trs ntrsds q dbn sr llmds l prcs, l xpscn d ls hchs, l splc l rspt, y fch y frm.

(S dmt l cmlcn d ccns dl msm ctr n l dmnd cntr l msm dmndd.) l Scrtr Jdcl hc n nlss d l dmnd, s l dmt, dbr cmncr ls prts l d y l hr dl ct d cnclcn y jc.

Cnclcn jdcl: l Scrtr Jdcl ntntr l cnclcn dvrtnd ls prts d ss drchs y blgcns. S n s cmprc, s dsst l dmnd, nq n mpdr l clbrcn dl jc. L cnclcn pdr sspndrs n vz d frm jstfcd, ds n css my grvs.

Jc: S n hbr crd n l cnclcn, prcd l jc. Ls prts pdrn vlrs d cnts prbs ncstn. l rgn jdcl pdr rlzr cnts prgnts stm prtns pr cmprbr l vrcdd d ls prbs y d ls tstgs, prts, xprts n l mtr rltv l snt q cncrn ls prts. l fnl, ls prts frmlrn ss cnclsns d frm cncrt n fncn dl rsltd d l cnclcn.

Dlgncs fnls: Trmnd l jc, l jz pdr crdr l prctc d cnts prbs ncst, cm ls dlgncs fnls, cn ntrvncn d ls prts.

Sntnc: l jz dctr l sntnc l rspct (plz 5 ds) n l q xprsr ls ntcdnts dl hch, dclrr ls hchs q stm prbds, ls fndmnts d drch y l fll. Pstrrmnt, l sntnc frm s llvr fct.

Fss d n prcs d hlg

L hlg lgl tn vrs fss: cnvctr, cnsttcn dl Cmt d Hlg, dsrrll, y cnclsn.

Cnvctr: L cnvctr pdn hcrl ls trbjdrs (q pr myr l dcdn n smbl), ls sndcts ls rprsntnts sndcls ntrs d ls trbjdrs.

Pr cnvcr l hlg, hy q sgr sts pss: cmncr l dcsn l mprsr (5 ds d ntlcn) y pstrrmnt l trdd Lbrl. L cmnccn sr pr scrt nclynd: ls bjtvs d l hlg, ls trmts rlzds prvs l hlg, l fch d nc, y ls mmbrs dl cmt d hlg q drgrn l dsrrll.

Cnsttcn dl cmt d hlg: l cmt d hlg s ncrgr d drgr l prcs (mx. 12 mmbrs). Ss trs sn: ngcr cn ls mprsrs fctds pr l cnflct, gstnr ls mds pr cbr cn l cnflct, prtcpr n ls ccns sndcls, dmnstrtvs jdcls pr pnr fn l cntrvrs, y grntzr ls srvcs d mntnmnt y sgrdd.

Dsrrll d l hlg: l dsrrll d l hlg s l tmp n l q s cs l trbj pr lgrr ls bjtvs q prsgn ls trbjdrs, stnd smtds lmts y cndcns:

Ls trbjdrs q dsn smrs l hlg pdrn hcrl, y ls q n, pdrn sgr rlznd s trbj. Dlmtr ls srvcs sncls d l cmndd (pr q l srvc s sncl, dbn sr sncls ls bns ntrss nstsfchs, st s, ls drchs fndmntls, lbrtds pblcs y bns prtgbls cnsttcnlmnt). L hlg db rsptr l rdn pblc y l sgrdd dl std (Cdg Pnl, rt. 22). S prhb q l mprsr cntrt trs trbjdrs pr ssttr ls hlgsts drnt l drcn d l hlg (sqrlj xtrn, RDLRT rt 6). S prhb l jrcc dl drch d hlg cn cpcn dl cntr d trbj. S cnsdrn hlgs bsvs ls sgnts: ls rttrs n ls q ls trbjdrs s trnn n l cscn d trbjdrs; ls hlgs n sctrs strtgcs pr ntrrmpr l prcs clctv; y ls hlgs q ltrn l trbj (hlgs d cl).

Cnclsn d l hlg: L hlg sl csr cnd s cnsg n crd ntr trbjdrs y mprsrs. nq vcs cncly pr dsstmnt pr prt d ls trbjdrs pr prt dl Gbrn, smtnd ls prts n rbtrj blgtr.

Ls fcts d l hlg

n vz cncld l hlg, s pdr prcdr s clfccn jdcl cm lgl lgl. Ls fcts d l hlg vrn n fncn d s clfccn. Ls fcts d l hlg lgl sn:

l cntrt s sspnd y cnd fnlz l hlg, l trbjdr vlv s pst d trbj. S dj d prcbr td l slr, xcpt ls cmplmnts xtrslrls. l mprsr n st blgd ctzr pr l trbjdr n mtr d SS. Ls ds d hlg n pdn sr dscntds dl tmp d vccns, n pdn cmptrs cm bsntsm pr n psbl dspd. L hlg n s ndmnzbl (sntnc dl Trbnl Sprm).

Ls fcts d l hlg lgl sn:

L hlg lgl sspnd l CT y l mprsr pdr mpnr sncns. S dscnt dl slr ls ds q s hy std d hlg. n mtr d SS, s pd dr d bj l trbjdr ls ds d l hlg. S dscntn d ls vccns ls tmps d l hlg. l mprsr pdr xgr l rprcn d ls prdds sfrds n l mprs.

L Sgrd Scl s strctr n bs ls sgnts prncps:

- xstnc d n rgmn jrdc cmn pr td l sstm.

- flcn nc

- Cmpt rcprc d cts ntr ls rgmns q l cmpnn.

n bs sts prncps l strct d l Sgrdd Scl grntrn nRgmn Gnrl y vrs Rgmns spcls.

l rgmn gnrl s l j prncpl dl sstm, q strn nclds ntr trs:

- Ls trbjdrs q prstn ss srvcs prfsnls n ls dstnts rms d l ctvdd cnmc.

- Ls trbjdrs nclds n l Sstm spcl pr mplds d Hgr y n l Sstm spcl pr Trbjdrs pr Cnt jn grrs.

- Trbjdrs pr cnt jn y ls scs trbjdrs d scdd d cptl, n cnd sn mmbrs d s rgn d dmnstrcn, s l dsmpñ d st crg n cnllv l rlzcn d ls fncns d drccn y grnc d l scdd n psn s cntrl.

- Ls scs trbjdrs d ls scdds lbrls.

l sstm cmprnd tmbn n sr d rgmns spcls:

- Rgmn spcl d trbjdrs pr cnt prp tnms: strn blgtrmnt nclds smpr q rlcn d frm hbtl, prsnl y drct n ctvdd cnmc ttl lcrtv sn sjcn n cntrt d trbj.

- Rgmn spcl d l mnr dl crbn: strn nclds ls trbjdrs pr cnt jn q prstn ss srvcs n l ctvdd dl crbn.

- Rgmn spcl d trbjdrs dl mr: trbjdrs pr cnt jn, rtrbds slr prt, tmbn pr cnt prp y smlds q s ddqn ctvdd mrtm psqr.

- Rgmn spcl d stdnts: Crsn stds d Bchllrt, 3ºy 4º d l S, FP, stds nvrstr d grd md y sprr y trcr ccl d dctrd.

- Rgmn spcl d fncnrs.

Cmp d plccn

S rdncn st rgld n l sttt dl Trbjdr tnm (). S cmp d plccn s xtnd :

Trbjdrs pr cnt prp, tngn n trbjdrs pr cnt jn. Trbjdrs tnms cnmcmnt dpndnts. Ls trbjds rlzds pr l cnyg y fmlrs hst l 2º grd d cnsngndd. Scs ndstrls d scdds clctvs y cmndtrs. Ls cmnrs d ls cmndds d bns y scs d scdds cvls rrglrs. Clqr tr prsn q rn ls rqsts stblcds pr l .

flcn, lts y bjs

Qdn blgds flrs l Sstm d l SS tds ls prsns nclds n s cmp d plccn. l lt sr slctd pr l trbjdr tnm 60d prvs l nc d l ctvdd n ls 30d ntrls sgnts nt l TGSS. Ls bjs y vrcns d dts dbn prsntrs n ls 6d ntrls sgnts l cs n l ctvdd prdccn d l vrcn.

Ctzcn

Ls prps trbjdrs tnms s ncrgn dl ngrs d ls ctzcns, rspct d s msm, ss trbjdrs y fmlrs nclds n l RT. Ls tnms cnmcmnt dpndnts stn blgds ncrprr l cbrtr d ls ccdnts lbrls y nfrmdds prfsnls.

Cn rspct l BC:

Ls tnms pdrn lgr s BC rsptnd ls lmts mnms y mxms. Pdrn ssttr l BC pr tr sprr pstrrmnt (nts dl 1º ctbr d cd ñ pr q ntr n vgr l 1º d nr prxm). Ls tnms cn 65 ms ñs q crdtn 35 ñs ctzds qdn xnts d sgr ctznd. S stblcn rdccns y bnfccns n l ctzcn fvr d ls trbjdrs n rgmn d plrctvdd y fvr d ls scs trbjdrs d Cprtvs d Trbj scd ddcds l vnt mblnt.

Hy ds tps d ctzcn: l d cbrtr d l prstcn d T y tr rdcd pr ls css d xclsn d l T.

ccn prtctr

Ls rqsts pr tnr drch st prstcn sn:

str n lt smld. str l crrnt n l pg d ls cts. crdtr ls rqsts sbr prd d crnc xgds d md spcfc n cd n d ls prstcns. Prsntr n dclrcn sbr l prsn q gstn l ngc nt l ntdd gstr.

L prtccn scl d ls tnms cmprnd ls sgnts prstcns:

sstnc sntr. Prstcns cnmcs n stcn d T P. Prstcns pr lsns prmnnts n nvldnts. Prstcns pr rsg drnt l mbrz y lctnc, mtrndd, ptrndd. Jblcn. Prstcns d mrt y sprvvnc, y fmlrs pr hj crg, bj l msm dspscn q n l RG. Prstcns d srvcs scls dspsts n l lgldd (rdccn). N s rcnc prstcn pr dsmpl, nq s l rglcn d n sstm spcfc n cs d cs d ctvdd n fncn d ss cndcns prsnls.

Gstn y fnnccn

L gstn y fnnccn s llvd cb pr ls ntdds Gstrs d l SS, cmns td l sstm. nq l RT prprcn rcrss y fnnccn.

Tds ls dcsns n cnm mplcn l ncsdd d lgr. l cncpt d cst d prtndd mplc scgr l mjr ltrntv, spn l scrfc d n lgr n bn srvc pr hbr lgd tr (s s scg nvrtr n dccn, hy q rcrtr pr tr ld, n sndd, pr jmpl).

s, l cncpt d Frntr d Psbldds d Prdccn (FPP) mstr ls psbls cmbncns d prdcts q l cnm pd prdcr tlznd ls rcrss xstnts. Dch frntr s rprsnt mdnt l crv d trnsfrmcn.

L FPP dlmt ds zns: n q n l q l cnm n s s ndcdmnt prt d ls rcrss, y tr n q cn ls rcrss dspnbls n s lcnzbl. Pr lcnzr ss pnts, s ncsr: n mjr d ls tcncs prdctvs, n mnt d l frz d trbj dntfcr nvs rcrss ntrls (myr fcnc y rcrss, y dscbrr nvs rcrss).

L strctr d mrcd l dtrmnn ls lmnts q l frmn.

lmnts dl mrcd

Ls prncpls lmnts dl mrcd sn:

Mrcnc: cmpst pr ls bns y srvcs q s ntrcmbn n l mrcd. Ls frnts: sn ls gnts cnmcs q frcn bns y srvcs. Ls dmndnts: sn ls gnts cnmcs q dmndn n bn srvc. Nrms ntrns: sn ls lys q rgln ntrnmnt l mrcd. Nrms xtrns: sn ls nrms q mplcn pts d ctcn. l prc: s l rsltd d l lbr ctcn d frt y dmnd. ntrmdrs: sn ls q s clcn ntr frt ncl y dmnd fnl pr fcltr ls ntrcmbs d bns y srvcs. Cndcns q fctn l dmnd: sn crcnstncs q fctn l dmnd y cndcnn s ctcn n l mrcd.

L cmptnc y ls tps d mrcd

L cmptnc s n mcnsm d rgnzcn d l prdccn y l dtrmncn d prcs y rnts. n n mrcd d frt y dmnd pd prsntrs d frms dfrnts, cnfgrnd dstnts tps d mrcd rsmds n stcns d cmptnc prfct mprfct.

L cmptnc prfct s prsnt cnd s cmpln ls sgnts cndcns:

Ls vnddrs vndn bns hmgns y tds ls cnsmdrs sn dntcs pr ls vnddrs (s sgr l nnmt d mprss). Vnddrs y cnsmdrs sn nmrss n spnnd ls cmprs vnts d nngn n ct mprtnt rspct dl ttl d ls trnsccns (l cmprdr vnddr ndvdl n pdr nflr sbr l prc). L nfrmcn q psn vnddrs y cmprdrs s prfct sbr l cldd, crctrstcs dl prdct, prc… y pdn prvchr clqr prtndd pr mntr ss bnfcs s tldd (prvlc 1 sl prc n l mrcd). lrg plz, l ntrd y sld dl mrcd s lbr pr cmprdrs y vnddrs. Ls trnsccns n tnn csts. Ls dcsns d ls frnts y dmndnts sn ndpndnts.

l mrcd d cmptnc prfct s n cncpcn trc l q s prxmn ns mrcds ms q trs y q srv cm nlss pr stdr l mrcd.

Pr s ld, l cmptnc mprfct s d cnd n s cmpln ls cndcns d l cmptnc prfct. Ls ctcns d n mprs n l mrcd stn cndcnds pr ctr rstrccns: rstrccn tcnlgc (nfly n l fctr d prdccn), rstrccn cnmc (ncsdd d tlzr ls fctrs prdctvs fcntmnt), rstrccn d mrcd (ncsdd d lcnzr l nvl ptm d prdccn pr lcnzr l mxm bnfc), y rstrccn lgl, mpst pr l nrmtv n vgr.

Dntr d l cmptnc mprfct, pdms vr vrs tps d mrcds, cm l mnplstc, q s prdc cnd n n mrcd hy mchs mprss pr q frcn bns dfrncds. st tp d cmptnc pd mnfstrs d dvrss frms:

Mnpl: cnd sl hy n mprs q vnd l bn n l mrcd (sln str bj prpdd dl std). Mnspns: cnd n l mrcd hy mchs vnddrs cmpttvs y n sl cmprdr. lgpl: cnd n l mrcd hy pcs vnddrs, d frm q l ccn d n nfly n l rst. Dpl: s n cs prtclr dl lgpl, n l q ls vnddrs sn ds. lgspn: cnd n l mrcd l nmr d cmprdrs s pqñ, d frm q l dcsn d n fct l dl rst. Dspn: s n cs prtclr dl lgspn dnd sl hy ds cmprdrs. Mnpl bltrl: cnd n n mrcd sl hy n vnddr y n cmprdr (n pd frzr l tr, pdn llgr n crd q n hy ntrcmb). Dmpng: l dmpng s n tp d ctcn n l mrcd q cnsst n dvrsfcr prcs n dstnts mrcds, fnncnd ls prdds n ns cn ls bnfcs btnds n trs q tngn n pscn frt.

L frt s l cntdd q ls vnddrs stn dspsts vndr ns dtrmnds prcs y bj ns dtrmnds cndcns dl mrcd. Hy ds tps d fncn d frt:

ndvdl: ld ls cntdds q n mprs st dspst vndr ls cnsmdrs n n dtrmnd mmnt cn ns crcnstncs dds dfrnts prcs. Clctv: ld ls cntdds q l cnjnt d mprss prdcts frcn n l mrcd ls dfrnts prcs n n mmnt dtrmnd y cn ns crcnstncs prcss (s l sm d frts ndvdls).

L frt d n bn dpnd d mchs fctrs:

l prc dl bn: l cntdd d n bn q n mprs dspn dpnd d s prc. Ls prcs d ls dms bns: s mnt l prc d ls bns sstttvs, mnt l frt. Cmbs n l frt d nsms (mtrls y srvcs dl prcs d prdccn): mns nsms, mntn ls csts y dcrcn ls bnfcs. l nvl tcnlgc: mjr tcnlg d mnr cst, ms bnfc y, pr tnt, ms frt. Ls bjtvs mprsrls: n fncn d ls bjtvs d l mprs, pd cmbr l frt. mpsts y sbsds: s tnn n cnt pr clclr ls csts d ls vnddrs, nflynd ps sbr l frt. Ls xpcttvs mprsrls: s ls xpcttvs sn bns, s rlzn nvrsns pr mjrr l frt. Vrcns n l cntdd d q crdt dl q pd dspnrs: ms crdt dspnbl, ms vnddrs n l mrcd y myr frt. ntrvncn pblc n l fjcn d prcs: l mnt dsmncn d l frt n ls mrcds dpnd d l rglcn d prcs. Cntdd y dstrbcn d l pblcn: n crcmnt d l pblcn fvrc l crcmnt d l dmnd.

lbrcn d l crv d frt y ss dsplzmnts

L crv d frt rlcn l prc d n bn cn l cntdd q ls prdctrs dsn frtr dl msm ( myr prc, mnt l cntdd frtd?pndnt pstv).

S prdcr n dsplzmnt d l crv d frt hc l drch cnd mnt l cntdd frcd l msm prc (mtvs: xpcttvs fvrbls, ncrmnt dl crdt, d ls prcs d ls bns sstttvs, dsmncn d ls prcs d ls cmplmntrs, rbj d mpsts y mnt d sbsds…). S prdcr n dsplzmnt d l crv d frt hc l zqrd cnd dsmny l cntdd frcd ls msms prcs (mtvs: mnrs xpcttvs d bnfcs pr ls frnts).

n l mdl d flj crclr d l rnt s tnn n cnt ls cncpts d cnsm, hrr nvrsn.

Cnsm: Dntr dl cnsm, s dfrnc ntr:

Cnsm ntrmd: ncly l cnsm d bns y srvcs pr prt d ls ndds prdctvs pr btnr trs bns y srvcs. Cnsm fnl: rgstr l vlr d ls bns y srvcs dstnds stsfcr ls ncsdds hmns ndvdls clctvs d ls dm. pblcs.

Ds mgntds dl cnsm sn: l prpnsn md l cnsm y l prpnsn mrgnl l cnsm:

Prpnsn md l cnsm: s l gst ttl n cnsm dvdd ntr l rnt ttl. Prpnsn mrgnl l cnsm: s l prprcn q d cd nv ncrmnt d l rnt dstnms l cnsm.

Ls prncpls crctrstcs dl cnsm sn:

Smpr s cnsm lg nq n s dspng d rnt. l cnsm crc cn l rnt. L prpnsn mrgnl l cnsm s dcrcnt (+ rnt, + cnsm). l hrr rprsnt l rnt btnd y n cnsmd. l hrr dpnd d: ls xpcttvs, ncsdds ftrs, tps d ntrs y rndmnts d trs ctvs fnncrs n rmnrds pr ntrss, d ls mdds d pltc cnmc dl Gbrn, dl nvl d vnt d mprss y cnms dmstcs, y d l nflcn.

hrr: Ls tss d hrr d n cnm pdn sr: ngtvs, cnd s nyct rnt n l mdl d flj crclr; pstvs cnd n s nyct rnt; nl. l hrr s crcnt cn l rnt y s fncn crc ms q prprcnlmnt cn l rnt.

nvrsn: L nvrsn s l rnnc l cnsm pr mntnr ncrmntr l dtcn d bns dl cptl d l cnm. S dfrnc ntr l cncpt n l sntd cnmc (clcr dnr dntr d n ngc), y l cncpt n l sntd d l mcrcnm (ncrmnt d bns d cptl, d vvnds y xstncs).

L nvrsn d ls mprss pdn sr d ds tps: n cptl fj (mqnr) n xstncs (mtrs prms, prdcts). Dch nvrsn dpnd d trs fctrs:

Tps d ntrs: s llvr cb n nvrsn s s cst s mnr q l rndmnt q s spr d l. Nvl d rnt: ms rnt, hbr ms prdspscn d rrsgrs nvrtr. Pr tnt, ms rnt, ms nvrsn. xpcttvs: pr nvrtr, ls mprsrs dbn tnr n cnt ls xpcttvs dl mrcd n q s mv (gsts d ls cnsmdrs, dcsns pltcs, cmbs tcnlgcs…).

L pltc fscl s l cnjnt d ctcns sbr ls gsts mpsts dl std cn bjt d dfnr l mdl cnmc y l nvl d ctvdd d l cnm. Ls fcts q pdn prvcrs mdnt l pltc fscl sn: ls stblzdrs tmtcs, y ls mdds dscrcnls:

Ls stblzdrs tmtcs: sn nstrmnts fscls q ctn sn sr nflds pr ls dcsns dl gbrn, sn pr l hch d s xstnc. Dstcn ls mpsts (s dsmncn mnt l rnt dspnbl, mntnd l dmnd y ls mprss s prdccn pr tndrl), y ls pgs d trnsfrncs (sbsds, pnsns, dsmpl…). Mdds dscrcnls: sn dptds pr l gbrn cnd ls stblzdrs tmtcs n pdn crrgr ls prblms cnmcs. Dstcn l mdfccn n l frm y strctr d ls mpsts, vrcns n l nvl mpstv (mnt dsmncn d mpsts), y mdfccns n l vlmn d gst pblc.

L mprs, n l dsrrll d s prcs prdctv, ncst sr rcrss. ll mplc n cst. L mprs std dchs csts, psnd pr vrs fss:

<>nlss clsfccn d ls csts: s clsfcn ls lmnts q ntgrn ls csts n fncn d ss crctrstcs fscs y jrdcs (cmpr d mtrs prms, slrs, mrtzcns…).

<>Prdfccn: spn mptr ls csts l jrcc cnmc n ls q s h prdcd, tnnd n cnt ls pgs dfrds (pg pstrr l prdccn dl gst) y ls ntcpds (ntrr l gst).

<>Lclzcn: spn rprtr ls csts ntr ls cntrs, sccns, psts d trbj q ls hn csnd, sts sn ls lgrs d cst.

<>mptcn: hy ds mdls: l trdcnl (cnsst n sgnr ls csts ndrcts ls cntrs d cst), y l sstm BC (ctvty Bsd Cstng, cnsst n dscmpnr l prcs d prdccn n lmnts ms smpls, n dvrss ctvdds).

<>Cntrl d csts: s l bs pr l btncn d bnfcs y plnfccn d l mprs. l cntrl d csts ndc ls dsvcns prdcds sbr l prspstd pr tmr ls dcsns prtnnts.

Clsfccn d ls csts

Hy dvrss clsfccns d ls csts n fncn dl crtr dptd:

Sgn s vrcn rspct l vlmn d ctvdd, pdn sr:

<>Csts fjs: ldn ls csts q prmncn cnstnts pr n dtrmnd strctr mprsrl drnt n prd d tmp y pr n ctvdd cncrt.

<>Csts vrbls: sn ls q vrn n fncn d l ctvdd d l mprs.

<>Csts smfjs y smvrbls: s dfrncn n fncn d cm ncn vlcnn.

Sgn l cnsm, pdn sr:

<>Csts ttls: ld l cnsm d fctrs pr btnr n tpt mdd n trmns mntrs.

<>Csts mrgnds: ld l ltm ndd d tpt rlzd.

<>Csts ptms: rprsnt l mjr cmbncn d fctrs prdctvs y s prvchmnt pr btnr n dtrmnd tpt.

Sgn l frm d mptr ls csts, pdn sr:

<>Csts drcts: sn ls q s dntfcn cn l prdct q ls h rgnd.

<>Csts ndrcts: sn ls q n s dntfcn cn l prdccn n cn ls cntrs d csts.

<>Csts smdrcts: sn ls q s dntfcn cn n cntr d cst, tllr…

<>Csts cntrlbls: dpndn d s gstr, q pd vrrls sprmrls.

Sgn l lgr n q s prdzc, ls csts pdn sr:

<>Csts xtrns: sn ls q srgn n l mbt xtrn y s clcln mdnt l cntbldd gnrl.

<>Csts ntrns: sn ls q srgn n l mbt ntrn, y l cmnc l cntbldd nltc.

Sgn l fncn d ls csts n l mprs, ls csts pdn sr: d dqscn y/ prdccn, d cmrclzcn, d dmnstrcn y fnncrs.

Hy trs tps d csts, cm: ls hstrcs (s clcln prtr d cnsms rls prdcds n l mprs), csts prdtrmnds (sn ls csts q s prvn drnt n prd dtrmnd d tmp).

Hy csts dfrncls (s l cst md pr ndd dbd l ncrmnt d l ctvdd) y splmntrs (rprsntn l ncrmnt ttl d ls csts pr l mnt d ctvdd). Hy csts xplcts (s crrspndn cn ls pgs d ls fctrs d prdccn q l mprs dqr), y csts mplcts (s crrspndn cn l pg d ls fctrs prps q l mprs tlz pr prdcr).

L rslcn d prblms y l tm d dcsns s vtl pr l vd d l mprs. Ls drctvs ldrs sbn q ls prblms sn stcns pr vnzr y cnsgr lgrs. Pr ss drctvs ncstn cnlzr td s nrg mdnt ccns fccs, st s, mdnt ls hrrmnts d dtccn, std y rslcn d prblms cn bjt d mjr.

L prncpl fncn d l drccn s gr, cndcr y cntrlr ls sfrzs d n grp d prsns hc l cnsccn d n bjtv. L drccn mplc: dfnr bjtvs, dfnr ls mds d ctcn, dtrmnr strtgs, stdr ltrntvs d ctcn, slccnr ls mjrs pcns, drgr n grp d prsns, y cntrlr ls rsltds. Ls trs fndmntls d drccn s dvdn n ls sgnts fncns: plnfccn, rgnzcn, cntrl, y cndccn d hmbrs.

<>Plnfccn: Plnfcr ld “l q db hcrs y cm hcrs”. S dbn sñlr: ls prvsns, l fjcn d bjtvs, l stblcmnt d pltcs, l prgrmcn, y l clcl d prspsts:

<>Prvsns: s n ntnt d dlntrs l ftr mdnt ddccns bsds n hchs cncds y n l std d ls fctrs q pdn ctr sbr l mprs. Ls prvsns prprcnn nfrmcn pr rlzr dcsns y stblcr l plnfccn.

<>Fjcn d bjtvs: ndcn “l q s db d hcr”. Sn ls mts stblcds q srvn d g pr crdnr ls sfrzs d tds ls fncns d l mprs. Ls bjtvs sln sr d tp cnmc (cnd pr jmpl, s stdn prblms d mrcd, s trt d mjrr l prdccn…), d tp scl (prblms drvds d slrs y slds, frmcn…).

<>stblcmnt d pltcs: s ncsr ndcr ls prncps y nrms d ccn pr ls q v rgrs l mprs pr lcnzr ls bjtvs.

<>Prgrmcn: pr pnr n prctc l pltc stblcd y cnsgr s bjtvs, hy q dsñr n prgrm q ndq ls pss pr lcnzr dchs mts.

<>Clcl d prspsts: s ncsr dtrmnr l cst d l rlzcn d l tr d l mprs, pr ll, s ncst: sgnr ls rcrss ncsrs, stblcr n mtdlg d trbj, y clclr l cst d cd tr (slrs, mtrls, frmcn, gsts d cntrtcn…).

<>rgnzcn: Cn rspct l fncn d rgnzcn, s ncsr stblcr: strctrs d rgnzcn, dlgcns, y stblcr rlcns (crdnr):

<>strctrs d rgnzcn: n vz dfnds ls trs, s ncsr grpr ls msms y ls prsns d frm q s rlzcn s l ms prdctv psbl.

<>Dlgcn: cnd n jf drctv n pd rlzr crrctmnt tds ls trs, db dlgr lgns n ss sbrdnds, smpr q sts pdn dsmpñrls dcdmnt.

<>stblcr rlcns (crdncn): ls rlcns ntr ls dvrss grps dbn qdr prfctmnt stblcds mdnt ls strctrs d rgnzcn.

<>Cntrl: Cntrlr s vlrr l trbj trs sr jctd. l cntrl cmprnd: l stblcmnt d nrms, mdcn, vlcn, y crrccn.

<>stblcmnt d nrms: ls trbjs dbn rlzrs sgn nrms stblcds.

<>Mdcn: ls nstrmnts d mdcn dbn sr vlds, cmprnsbls y cptds pr qlls cy trbj v sr cntrld.

<>vlcn: hy q vlr y cntrstr ls rsltds btnds cn ls nrms stblcds y btnr cnclsns l rspct.

<>Crrccn: n vz vld, hy q tmr mdds pr crrgr qll q n s hy rlzd n cndcns.

<>Cndctr d hmbrs: L fncn d cndctr d hmbrs tn pr bjtv cnsgr q s rlcn ls trs ncmndds n l mmnt prvst y d crd cn ls cndcns dtrmnds pr s vlrcn. st fncn brc vrs ctvdds: ldrzg, mtvcn, cmnccn, slccn, frmcn y prfccnmnt, rmnrcn, y rslcn d cnflcts.

<>Ldrzg: s l prcs pr l q s cnsg q trs prsns hgn s trbj.

<>Mtvcn: sn ls ccns mprndds pr n jf pr nsprr, mplsr y stmlr ss sbrdnds pr cnsgr l mnt d s prdctvdd.

<>Cmnccn: s l sm d tds ls cts q rlz n prsn pr cmprndr ls dms, s n pnt d sgnfcd ntr l q mt l nfrmcn y l q l rcb, n n prcs d scchr y cmprndr.

<>Slccn: pr q l mprs fncn, s ncsr n slccn d gnt cmptnt q pd cntrbr n l cnsccn d ls bjtvs d l msm.

<>Frmcn y prfccnmnt: l prsnl db str bn prprd y clfcd pr dsrrllr ls trs dl pst.

<>Rmnrcn: l rmnrcn db sr qttv y bjtv, sgn ls drctrcs y prcdmnts stblcds pr l mprs.

<>Rslcn d cnflcts: l drctr db rbtrr crds, rcnclr l prsnl, rcbr qjs y rclmcns, bn cntrtr n mddr.

L cmnccn s n prcs q fncn n mbs sntds: tnt d ls drctvs ls trbjdrs cm vcvrs. Ls tps d l cmnccn s rsmn d st mnr: l msr cdfc n mnsj q llg mdnt n cnl, l rcptr dscdfc l mnsj.

Ls lmnts bscs q ntgrn n prcs d cmnccn sn: msr, rcptr, mnsj, cnl, cdfccn, dcdfccn, rd, rtrlmntcn:

msr: s l prsn q trnsmt n mnsj tr. Rcptr: s l prsn q prcb l mnsj dl msr. Mnsj: s l nfrmcn q qr trnsmtr l msr. Cnl: s l md trvs dl q s trnsmt l mnsj (ppl, crr, v tlfnc…). Cdfccn: cnsst n l trdccn n lngj cmprtd ntr l msr y l rcptr d l nfrmcn q s ds trnsmtr, prmtnds l cmnccn. Dcdfccn: s l prcs trvs dl q l rcptr ntrprt l cntnd dl mnsj y l cnvrt n nfrmcn sgnfctv pr l. Rd: s clqr fctr q lmt l prcs d cmnccn. Rtrlmntcn: xprs l rccn l cmnccn pr prt dl rcptr. st lmnt s pcnl, pd prdcrs n.

Hy ctr tps d strctrs rgnztvs: lnl, n ln y stff, n cmt y mtrcl.

• strctr lnl jrrqc: st bsd n l trdd drct dl jf sbr ls sbrdnds. Prsnt ncnvnnts cm cmnccn lnt, cd drctv tn tnts trs q n s xprt n tds, s rgnzcn s rgd, y crcn d flxbldd pr dptrs ls cmbs.

• strctr n ln y stff: n st s cmbnn rlcns d trdd drct cn rlcns d cnslt y ssrmnt q s mntnn cn ls dprtmnts, dnmnds stff. Ls dprtmnts n ln s cpn d ls dcsns q fctn ls prcns d l rgnzcn, y ls stffs rlzn n lbr d ssrmnt y py tcnc (l trdd d ls stff s lmt ss sbrdnds).

• strctr n cmt: n st, l trdd y l rspnsbldd s cmprtn n n grp d prsns. Pr tmr dcsns, l cmt s rn, ntrcmbn pnns, s dsct y s tm n dcsn fnl.

• strctr mtrcl: n st, ls spclsts d dfrnts prts d l rgnzcn s nn pr trbjr n prycts spcfcs, rlcnds cn prblms mprtnts tms tcncs cncrts. Ls vntjs q prsnt s s flxbldd pr frntr ls prblms y prycts mprtnts. Sn mbrg, s ncsr q l drctr dl pryct sp ntgrr ls prsns prcdnts d dvrss prts d l rgnzcn n n vrddr qp d trbj.

n strtg s n cnjnt d rgls q sgrn n dcsn dcd n cd mmnt. s, s plnt n strtg d nmvlsm, cnsstnt n qdrs n ls plntmnts prps y n cd mmnt, nq ll n mpd cdr n pc n n dtrmnd mmnt. trs strtgs pdn sr: d flxbldd, tcnt, dfnsv, dscncrtnt… l plntmnt d l strtg db nclr n nlss d ls xpcttvs d l tr prt.

prtr dl nfrm d l crt fs dl prcs d nvstgcn, pd dsñrs l ctcn y prprcn dl dsñ d ls “ctr P” n ngls: prdct, prc, dstrbcn y prmcn.

L strtg d prdct ps pr ls sgnts fss:

<>ntrdccn: n l q s lnz l prdct l mrcd y s hc pblcdd pr q s cncd.

<>Crcmnt: l cnsmdr cnc ms l prdct y ls vnts mntn.

<>Mdrz: ls vnts crcn ms lntmnt.

<>Strcn: s dtn l crcmnt d ls vnts.

<>Dcdnc: bjn ls vnts, ncn trs prdcts nnvdrs n l mrcd.

Ls strtgs q pdn mplrs cn rspct dl prdct sn:

<>strtg d pntrcn: s fn s strs n l mnt dl cnsmdr, pr ll, lln l mrcd dl prdct cn pblcdd y prmcns.

<>strtg d dsrrll dl mrcd: s brrs nvs mrcds, cn nv tps d clnts.

<>strtg d dsrrll dl prdct: q n ms prdcts cmpñn l rgnl.

<>strtg d dvrsfccn: trt d cncbr prdcts nvs pr mrcds nvs.

Ls xstncs sn ls mrcncs q tn l mprs n l lmcn. Ls xstncs pdn clsfcrs n:

<>Mtrs prms. Sn ls prdcts q frmn prt dl prdct fnl mdnt l crrspndnt trnsfrmcn.

<>Prdcts cbds. l spr d sr dstrbds.

<>Prdcts smcbds. n fs d lbrcn.

<>Mtrls d nvs y mbljs.

<>Mtrls xlrs, q prmtn q s prdzc l prcs prdctv.

<>Pzs d rcmb rpsts.

<>Mtrl dvrs (cm l d fcn).

n rlcn l gstn d ss xstncs, l mprs tn n cnt dvrss fctrs: dsñ dl lmcn, sstms y qps d lmcnmnt, mds d mnplcn y trnsprt, rgnzcn dl lmcn, cntrl d xstncs, tp d lmcn, vlrcn d xstncs, y clcl dl stck ptm y mnm:

<>Dsñ dl lmcn: l lmcn s l lgr fsc dnd s ncntrn ls xstncs. S dsñ dpnd d ls prdcts lmcnds, d s mnplcn, d s dstrbcn, ncsdds…

<>Sstms y qps d lmcnmnt: ls sstms ms hbtls d lmcnmnt sn: l cnvncnl (plr prdcts), tlzr stntrs, stntrs cmpcts, sstm d pls smpls (pllts plds frmnd cbs), y sstms d lmcnj tmtcs (pr rqr grn nvrsn y pcs prdcts).

<>Mds d mnplcn y trnsprt: ld pllts, grs lvdrs, cnt trnsprtdr, stcn bs… pr cntrlr ls pdds.

<>rgnzcn dl lmcn: pr clcr ls prdcts n l lmcn, s sn trs mtds: vlmn d vnts (ls prdcts q ms vndn s pnn crc dl pnt d rcgd), l dl tmñ (ls ms pqñs crc dl pnt d rcgd), y l d cmptbldd (cmbn l crtr d l dmnd cn l d ls crctrstcs fscs dl prdct).

<>Cntrl d xstncs: ls xstncs spnn n cst pr l mprs: fnncr, cst d prtndd d nvrsn, mn d br, spc, sgrs, qps nstlcns… n d ls frms d cntrlr ls xstncs s plcnd l “jst n tm”, st s: prdcnd jst l q s ncst n cd mmnt, n ms n mns, pr vtr prdds.

<>Tp d lmcn: s mprtnt sbr s v tnrs lmcn prp, n lqlr n lsng, n fncn dl cptl dspnbl.

<>Vlrcn d ls xstncs: l vlrcn ms hbtl d ls xstncs s l FF (frst n, frst t), l prmr q ntr, sl prmr, nq hy trs cm l LF (lst n, frst t), l ltm q llg, sl prmr, HF, NF.

<>Clcl dl stck ptm y mnm: l stck ptm s l cntdd d cd rtcl q cmbn d frm ptm ls ncsdds d prvsnmnt dl prcs prdctvs, l stsfccn dl clnt y l rdccn d ls csts d lmcn. Spn dfnr pnts d pdd, tmp ntr l pdd y l rcpcn d l mrcnc, stck mnm, md y mxm, cntdd d pdd…

L cntbldd s l cnc dl ptrmn, y db sr n rflj rl y ctl d l stcn ptrmnl d l mprs, d ss vrcns y ss css. Ls clvs d l plccn d l cntbldd sn:

L mprs s l sjt d l cntbldd. Cd mprs tndr s cntbldd prsnl, dfrnt d ls dms.

L cntbldd nfrm sbr l stcn y vlcn d l rldd cnmc y fnncr d l mprs.

Ls hchs cntbls sn ls cntcmnts q mplsn y xplcn s vlcn dl ptrmn d l mprs.

Pr rprsntr l stcn ptrmnl, l cntbldd s srv d dvrss nstrmnts: cncptls (cnts, blncs), prcdmnts cntbls, nstrmnts mtrls (nfrmtc), y d ns lmnts d nlss y prsntcn. xstn ds tps d cntbldd:

<>Cntbldd ntrn nltc: std, dtrmn y rgstr ls rsltds pr grp d prdcts sccns prdctvs n fncn d ss csts.

<>Cntbldd xtrn gnrl: dscrb l ptrmn y ls rsltds rls y ctlzds d l ctvdd mprsrl.

Pr ll, l cntbldd prprcn nfrmcn cnmc (bns y strctr d l mprs) y fnncr (rcrss d l mprs). Dch nfrmcn db sr: rlvnt (nfrmcn tl y sgnfctv), fbl (sn rrrs), ntgr (cmplt), cmprbl (cn ls mprss y n fncn dl tmp mpld), y clr (q prmt s ntrprtcn d frm sncll).

L lclzcn s l bccn fsc lgd pr l mprsr pr s mprs. Ls fctrs tnr n cnt n l lclzcn d n mprs sn:

Ls mrcds d cnsm.

Ls psbldds d bstcmnt d mtrs prms, rcrss y s trnsprt.

L dstrbcn d ls prdcts srvcs q s prdcn.

Ls crctrstcs y prc dl trrn y l mbnt.

Ls psbldds d btncn d cptl.

Fctrs d tp jrdc, fscl scl.

L fncn d prsnl cnstty n pltc cncrt d l plnfccn d rcrss hmns q tn cm bjtv ncntrr l prsnl q s ncst pr cbrr ls ncsdds prvsts n cndcns ptms. L fncn d prsnl tn ds vrtnts:

l rcrs l prsnl y prsnt n l mprs,

y l rcrs l mrcd d trbj xtrn.

L prmcn dl prsnl ntrn tn vntjs : pr n ld, pd rsltr mns csts, pr tr, st rcrs mplc l prmcn dl prsnl n l prmcn d prsnl ntrn s dstng ntr prmcn y scsn:

-Ls plns d scsn cnsstn n cbrr psts vtls pr l fncnmnt d l mprs cn prsnl frmd n l.

- Ls plns d prmcn cnsstn n l prvchmnt d ls ptncldds dl prsnl d l plntll y d l rlzcn prsnl d ls trbjdrs cm fnt d mtvcn.

Cnd n mprs s xpnd y crc, s v blgd rcltr prsnl, d ns dtrmnds crctrstcs pr dsmpñr psts d trbj cncrts, cdnd l mrcd d trbj . lgns d ls mcnsms ms tlzds sn:

- ls frts drcts, ls frts mdnt ls mds d cmnccn (tblns d nncs, nnc n prns y rvsts), y l tlzcn d mprss spclzds (mprss d Trbj Tmprl, gncs prvds d clccn...).

Pr slccnr ls cnddts, s scdn n sr d fss:

- n vz s dspn d n nmr dcd d cnddts, cmnz l prcs d slccn. n l, s rcg nfrmcn d ls cnddts: hstrl prsnl, cdmc, prfsnl, y dts rltvs s stl d vd.

- n vz rcgd l nfrmcn, s cmprb q cnddts s prxmn ms l prfl dsd. Pr ll, s sn tst, cstnrs, ntrvsts...

- Pstrrmnt, s cmprn ls rspsts d ns y d trs y s vrfc s l nfrmcn prprcnd s vrdc y pdn dcmntrl ls cnddts.

- Trs l cmprcn, s lgn ls cnddts ms pts pr l pst.

- Fnlmnt, s rlz n cmprcn ntr ls cnddts fnlsts y s scg l q mjr s cnsdr ms pt pr l pst d trbj.

Pdms dfnr l pdr cm l hbldd ptncl d n grp d n prsn pr jrcr nflnc sbr trs prsns grps. l pdr d n ldr tmbn mn dl cntrl dl md q ls trs mmbrs dl grp dsn ncstn pr stsfcr lgn ncsdd.

Dch pdr pd sr sd pr n ndvd pr rdcr ls mds d trs ndvds (cstgr) mntr ss mds (prmr) hst l fn ltm; dms d st sstm d sncns, pdr vlrs d mcnsms d nfrmcn: s hbtl q l nflnc tng lgr cm prssn mnplcn, prvlnds d l nfrmcn vrz nts d q llg l rst d ls mmbrs dl qp. trs vcs l prcs sr scmcnl, mptc, cn l fn d lgrr l cptcn dl grp y fvrcr n mbnt grdbl; trs prsns prfrn tlzr l trdd bsnds mrmnt n l lgtmdd d s pst d drccn.

n d ls ms ntrsnts tplgs d pdr s l sgnt:

Pdr d rcmpns. S bs n l cpcdd d prmr ls dms pr cmplr ls rdns.Mntrs ms sn ls rcmpnss q l ldr pd trgr y ms mprtnts sn sts pr l grp, ms frt sr l pdr dl ldr.

Pdr crctv. S bs n l cpcdd dl ldr d sncnr cstgr l grp. Cnt ms frts sn ls sncns q st pd mpnr, ms pdr d crcn psr.

Pdr lgtm. S bs n l cnvccn dl sbrdnd d q l ldr tn drch cntrlrl, l q cnllv l blgcn d sgr ss drctrcs.

Pdr d cnxn. S d cnd l jf gz d bns rlcns cnxns cn prsns nflynts. Ls sbrdnds tndrn sgr ss drctrcs pr trtr d btnr l fvr rcncmnt d dchs prsns pr md dl jf.

Pdr prsnl crsmtc. l sbrdnd sg l ldr prq s dntfc cn l, dbd s crsm y prstg. n st cs, l ldr pd n sr cnscnt dl pdr q tn sbr ss sbrdnds.

Pdr d xprt. l ldr jrc l pdr sbr ls sbrdnds prq ps ns cncmnts y hbldds q sts n tnn.

Pdr d nfrmcn. S bs n l hch d q l jf st n pssn tn ccs nfrmcn vls, q ls dms dsn pr dfrnts mtvs.

l rlzr dcdmnt n trbj s bs n:

<>Cpcdd: tnr ls pttds ncsrs y prsnldd crd l pst.

<>Cncmnts: tnr l frmcn y xprnc ncsr pr n pst.

l drctr d n mprs, pr lgrr ss bjtvs, dbr mtvr s prsnl. Pr ll, dbr cncr n prfnddd cd mpld, n cnt ls ncsdds y fctrs q mtvn cd n pr stsfcrls n l mdd d l psbl.

L plccn dl Drch dl Trbj crrspnd ls rgns dmnstrtvs y jrsdccnls, s cm ls d plccn hbtl ls mprsrs y trbjdrs.

<>L vgnc d l nrm lbrl n l tmp: L ntrd n vgr d ls nrms dl Drch dl Trbj s rg pr ls rgls gnrls, st s, ls 20 ds d s prmlgcn.

n l mbt lbrl, ms cncrtmnt n mtrs d cntrts, s sl ptr pr l nrm q s ms bnfcs pr l trbjdr. vcs, s prmvn nrms trnstrs, pr rglr l ps d n nrmtv tr.

<>L nrm lbrl n l spc: Ls nrms dl Drch ntrncnl prvd prmtn rslvr ls prblms q s plntn cnd n ls rlcns lbrls ntrvn n lmnt xtrnjr. n sts cstns, nstr Drch s my trrtrlst, pr l q plc l lgslcn spñl ls mprsrs xtrnjrs rsdnts n spñ y cntrtn trbjdrs spñls, y ls mprsrs spñls q cntrtn xtrnjrs. nq, ls blgcns ncds dl cntrt d trbj s rgrn pr ls nrms q mbs prts hyn crdd, smpr q st n rlcn cn l ngc.

l prncp d trrtrldd tmbn rg l mtr d l SS (pr s crctr pblc) y l rgmn sndcl, cnvns, cnflcts clctvs, prcss jdcls y dmnstrtvs q scdn n spñ.

Ls nrms lbrls stn sjts dfrnts tps d ntrprtcn n fncn dl lmnt tlzd:

<>L grmtcl: ls nrms s ntrprtn sgn l sntd prp d ss plbrs.

<>L sstmtc: ls nrms s ntrprtn n rlcn cn l cntxt.

<>L hstrc: ls nrms s ntrprtn n fncn d ls ntcdnts hstrcs y lgsltvs.

<>L sc-cltrl: ls nrms s ntrprtn tnnd n cnt l rldd scl dl tmp n q s plqn.

<>Tllgc: ls nrms s ntrprtn tnnd l sprt y fnldd d sts.

l lgsldr tmbn ntrdc n l ctvdd dl ntrprt:

<>L pndrcn d l qdd: cnd l ly l prmt xprsmnt.

<>L nlg: cnd ls nrms n cntmpln n spst cncrt, pr rgln tr smjnt ntr ls q s prc dntdd d rzn.

<>L Jrsprdnc: q cntmplr l rdnmnt jrdc cn l dctrn q stblzc l Trbnl Sprm l plcr ntrprtr ls nrms jrdcs y ls prncps gnrls dl Drch.

l gl q n l rst d rms dl rdnmnt jrdc, sl s vrddr jrsprdnc lbrl l “jrsprdnc rtrd”, smpr y cnd hyn rcd l mns ds sntncs gls nlgs. n l mbt lbrl, tn spcl rlvnt l jrsprdnc dl Trbnl Cnsttcnl pr l frcnt plntmnt d cstns nt st trbnl.

L nv Ly d Jrsdccn Lbrl stblc d l psbldd d plcr l jrsprdnc dl Trbnl Cnsttcnl cnd hy cntrdccn cn ls Sntncs dctds pr ls rgns jrsdccnls nsttds n ls Trtds y crds ntrncnls n mtr d drchs hmns y lbrtds fndmntls rtfcds pr spñ.

n l mbt jrdc-lbrl, n mdd prtctr s l prncp pr prr q pr cnd n prcpt dmt ds ms psbls ntrprtcns, tmnds l ms bnfcs pr l trbjdr.

trs prncps tnr n cnt n l ntrprtcnj y plccn d ls nrms s cm n l jrcc d pdr mprsrl y d drccn y rgnzcns d ls prstcnls lbrls sn: l prncp gnrl d dptcn dl trbj l prsn, y l prncp cnsttcnl d gldd d trt ntr mjrs y hmbrs.

Jnt l nrmtv ntrn d ls stds, s sln nclr trs nrms ntrncnls. n mtr lbrl, tnms: ls trtds, l cstmbr ntrncnl, y ls prncps gnrls dl Drch.
Trtds: n trtd s l mnfstcn d n crd ntr stds, ntr stds y rgnzcns ntrncnls, frmlzd pr scrt, y q cr blgcns y drchs pr ls prts smtds l D (jmpl d ll s l “Trtd d ls Trtds”, frmd n l Cnvncn d Vn n 1969, trvs dl q s stblc l rgmn q h d rgrs l crcn, plccn y xtncn d ls trtds ntr ls pss q hn rtfcd l “Trtd d ls Trtds”).
l std spñl pd clbrr trtds, pr hy q tnr n cnt q spñ s cmpn d CC y dms s n std mmbr d l . Cn rspct ls CC, sts tnn cpcdd pr slctr dl Gbrn l clbrcn d n trtd ntrncnl. Cn rspct l , gz d l psbldd d clbrr trtds cn trs stds y rgnzcns ntrncnls n ls msms mtrs sbr ls q tn cmptnc ntrn.
Cstmbr ntrncnl: l cstmbr ntrncnl s l rlzcn cntnd d n prctc llvd cb pr ls stds y pr ls sjts ntrncnls, rcncd pr sts cm n drch.
Ls prncps gnrls dl drch: sn n cnjnt d nrms cmns l myr prt d ls rdnmnts Jrdcs d ls stds. n l D, s hn rcncd cm Prncps Gnrls dl Drch: l prncp dl lbr cnsntmnt, y l prncp d l bn f, ntr trs.

l Mnstr d mpl y Sgrdd Scl (MSS) tn n sr d rgnsms tnms cn prsnldd jrdc prp y cpcdd d brr pr l cmplmnt d ss fns, rgnzds n trn rgns drctvs clgds y rgns jctvs nprsnls n dvrss rs.

n l r d trbj, tnms:

- Cnsj cnmc y Scl: cn cmptnc n mtr sccnmc y lbrl.

- Fnd d Grnt Scl: bn slrs ls trbjdrs ndmnzcns ls q tngn drch.

- Cnsj d Rlcns Lbrls y d Ngccn Clctv: rgn d cnslt y ssrmnt.

- Cmsn Cnsltv Ncnl d Cnvns Clctvs: ssr sbr ls ngccns clctvs n l mbt fncnl d ls cnvns.

- Cmsn Ncnl d Sgrdd y Sld n l Trbj (CNSS): ssrn ls dmnstrcns sbr ss pltcs d prvncn y s l rgn clgd d prtcpcn nsttcnl n s mtr.

- nsttt Ncnl d Sgrdd Hgn (NSH): stdn ls cndcns d sgrdd y sld n l trbj, s cm l prmcn y py d ls msms. ? trs: cm l Cnsj dl Trbj tnm y l Cnsj d Fmnt d l cnm Scl.

n l r d mpl, tnms:

- Srvc Pblc d mpl sttl (SP): sm l rdncn, dsrrll y sgmnt d ls prgrms y mdds d pltc d mpl.

- Cnsj Gnrl d Frmcn Prfsnl (CGFP): s l rgn cnsltv y d prtcpcn d sndcts, ptrnls y dmnstrcns Pblcs n mtr d FP.

- nsttt Ncnl d Clfccns (NC): llv cb fncns rlcnds cn l sstm ncnl d clfccns.

- Cnsj sttl d l Rspnsbldd Scl d ls mprss.

n l r d Sgrdd Scl, tnms:

- Tsrr Gnrl d l SS (TGSS): dnd s nfcn tds ls rcrss fnncrs d l SS.

- nsttt Ncnl d l SS (NSS): s ncrg d l dmnstrcn d ls prstcns cnmcs cntrbtvs d l SS, xcpt ls dl dsmpl.

- nsttt Scl d l Mrn (SM): s cp d l gstn dl Rgmn spcl d ls Trbjdrs dl Mr.

- Cnsj Trprtt pr l sgmnt d ls Mts d ccdnts d Trbj y nfrmdds Prfsnls (MTPSS) n mtr d prvncn d rsgs lbrls: ls crrspnd frmlr prpsts sbr ccns prvntvs, cncr ls nfrms d sgmnt y vlcn d ls ctvdds dsrrllds pr ls Mts y sr nfrmd d ls prycts nrmtvs q fctn ls Mts n st mtr.

n l r d mgrcn nmgrcn, tnms:

- Cnsj Sprr d Pltc d nmgrcn.

- bsrvtr Prmnnt d l nmgrcn.

- bsrvtr spñl dl Rcsm y l Xnfb.

- Cmsn ntrmnstrl d xtrnjr. ? Fr pr l ntgrcn scl d ls nmgrnts.

- Cnsj Gnrl d l Cddn spñl n l xtrr.

- Cmsn Lbrl Trprtt d nmgrcn.

l cntrt d trbj pd cncrtrs pr tmp ndfnd pr n drcn dtrmnd. Ls cntrts d drcn dtrmnd tmprls s dn n ls sgnts spsts:

- Cnd s cntrt l trbjdr pr l rlzcn d n br srvc.

- Cnd ls crcnstncs dl mrcd, cmlcn d trs xcss d pdds s l xgrn.

- Cnd s trt d ssttr trbjdrs cn drch rsrv dl pst d trbj.

- Cnd s trt d lnzmnt d n nv ctvdd.

(Ls cntrts fjs ndfnds s dn n ls sgnts spsts:

- Cnd l cntrt tmprl s clbr n frd d ly.

- Cnd n s hy dd d lt l trbjdr n l SS, ndfrntmnt d l mdldd d cntrt cncrtd.)

Rgmn jrdc dl trbj d xtrnjrs

L C (rt. 13) grntz q ls xtrnjrs tndrn n spñ ls msms lbrtds pblcs q ls spñls y strn rglds pr nrms q ls trgn drchs y blgcns.

xstn ds frms d sr xtrnjr n spñ: cm Rgmn Cmntr d xtrnjr (rgld pr ls Trtds d dhsn d spñ l y pr l Drch Scndr Drvd), y Rgmn Gnrl d xtrnjr (rgld pr l LX y s Rglmnt d dsrrll).

<>Rgmn Gnrl d xtrnjr y l drch l trbj: Ls xtrnjrs myrs d 16 ñs ncstrn trzcn dmnstrtv pr rsdr y trbjr. Cnd l xtrnjr trbj pr cnt prp jn, ncst l hmlgcn dl ttl rqrd y, s fr prcs, l clgcn. Pr cntrtr n xtrnjr, l mprsr dbr slctr n trzcn dmnstrtv. S pd str n dvrss csns sgn s trbjs pr cnt jn pr cnt prp pr cnsgr l rsdnc tmprl:

<>Rsdnc tmprl y trbj pr cnt prp: l xtrnjr q s ncntr n st stcn db sr myr d 18 ñs, y tndr n prd d 90 ds-5 ñs pr jrcr n ctvdd pr cnt prp, cmplnd tds ls rqsts dspsts pr l ly, l gl q ls spñls. <>Rsdnc tmprl y trbj pr cnt jn: db sr myr d 16 ñs cn trzcn cn n prd d 90 ds-5 ñs pr jrcr n ctvdd lbrl pr cnt jn. Dbrn slctr l Trjt d dntdd d xtrnjr (n l plz d n ms dsd s lt n l rgmn d l SS).

<>Rsdnc tmprl y trbj pr nvstgcn: s hll n st stcn ql nvstgdr xtrnjr cy prmnnc n spñ s pr rlzr prycts d nvstgcn pr n rgnsm d nvstgcn. <>Rsdnc tmprl y trbj d prfsnls ltmnt clfcds ttlrs d n Trjt zl-: q s nclyn tds ls prfsnls ltmnt clfcds pr dsmpñr n ctvdd lbrl q rqr clfccn d nsñnz sprr crdtcn mnm d cnc ñs d xprnc lbrl n l sctr crrspndnt. <>Rsdnc tmprl y trbj pr cnt jn d drcn dtrmnd: s hlln n st stcn ls myrs d 16 trzds y q jrzn ctvdds lbrls pr cnt jn n ctvdds d cmpñ tmprd, brs srvcs, frmcn y prctcs prfsnls.

Pr l jrcc d lgns ctvdds, n sr ncsr l trzcn d trbj:

Tcncs y cntfcs xtrnjrs nvtds cntrtds pr l std, ls CC nts lcls pr prmvr l nvstgcn. Prfsrs xtrnjrs nvtds cntrtds pr nvrsdds spñls. Fncnrs cvls mltrs xtrnjrs pr q dsrrlln ctvdds n spñ. Crrspnsls d mds d cmnccn scl xtrnjrs pr rlzr ctvdds nfrmtvs. Mmbrs d msns cntfcs ntrncnls q rlcn trbjs nvstgcns n spñ trzds pr l std. rtsts q vngn rlzr n rprsntcn cncrt.

l Mnstr d Trbj nmgrcn (MTN) pdr prbr n prvsn nl d ls cpcns y d ls cfrs prvsts d mpl pr cntrtcn d xtrnjrs.

<>Ls drchs lbrls y cndcns d trbj d ls xtrnjrs n spñ: Ls xtrnjrs tndrn n spñ ls drchs y lbrtds rcncds n ls Trtds ntrncnls, n l Ly d xtrnjr y n ls q rgln l jrcc d cd n d lls. Ls xtrnjrs jrctn ls drchs n ls msms cndcns d gldd q ls spñls. Ls cddns d ls pss mmbrs d l tndrn ttl qprcn d drchs y lbrtd d crclcn q ls spñls.

n l mbt lbrl, l mprsr stnt pdrs dstnds l rgnzcn d l mprs, l rdncn d ls prstcns lbrls y l rprsn d cndcts lbrlmnt lcts dl prsnl, nq tmbn tn lgns lmtcns.

Fndmnt

l fndmnt d st pdr s hll n l CT, dl q nc n rlcn jrdc crctrzd prq l mprsr tn l ptstd d rgnzr l sstm d prdccn d bns y srvcs y d rdnr ls rlcns lbrls. l mprsr pd dlgr n trs prsns, trgndl n sr d cmptncs rcncds.

(N tds ls trbjdrs stn smtds l drccn n l msm mdd, sn q vr n fncn d fctrs cm n myr clfccn tcnc dl trbjdr, crcnstncs d l prstcn d ss srvcs, ntr trs.)

Cncpt y clss

Ls hrs xtrrdnrs sn ls hrs q s xcdn d l jrnd rdnr fjd. Hy ds tps mdldds d hrs xtrrdnrs: hbtls strctrls.

<>Hrs xtrrdnrs hbtls: sn qlls n ls q s tndn ncsdds nrmls y prvsbls dl ccl prdctv, ldnd cntrtr nv prsnl. <>Hrs xtrrdnrs strctrls: sn ls q s bsn n xgncs dl prcs prdctv (pdds mprvsts, prds pnt d prdccn…).

(n mtr d SS, ncmnt s cmptn n l bs d ctzcn pr cntngncs prfsnls, xgnds n ctzcn dcnl.)

Rgmn jrdc

Ls hrs xtrrdnrs s hlln rglds n l TRT (rt. 35), dnd s stblc q s rlzcn sr vlntr, mns q s hy pctd n l Cnvn Clctv n l CT. Ls lmts y blgcns d ls hrs xtrrdnrs sn:

l lmt d hrs xtrrdnrs l ñ s d 80h. l mprsr st blgd nfrmr mnslmnt dl nmr d hrs xtrs ls rprsntnts dl prsnl, rgstrrls y ntrgrl l trbjdr n cmprbnt d ss hrs, q s nclr n l rcb d slrs. n cnt s cmpnscn, pd ptrs pr l rtrbcn pr dscnss (cnd n s pct nd, prvlc l dscns). n cnt l rtrbcn, l vlr n pd sr nfrr l d l hr rdnr; n cnt l dscns, db sr l mns qvlnt ls hrs xtrrdnrs rlzds. l lgsldr prhb l rlzcn d hrs xtrrdnrs ls trbjdrs nctrns (nq hy xcpcns sñlds n ls jrnds spcls), ls mnrs d 18 ñs, ls mnsvlds n cntrs spcls d mpl, y ls q dsfrtn dl prms d mtrndd tmp prcl.

Sgnfcd, fndmnt y crctrs

L fncn sstntdr q cmpl l slr jstfc l q l std ntrvng, fjnd n rtrbcn mnm q stsfg ls ncsdds dl trbjdr.

Prcdmnts d fjcn

l SM s fjd pr l Gbrn mdnt Dcrt (DSM), prv cnslt, ls rgnzcns sndcls y sccns ptrnls ms rprsnttvs. Pr ll, dbrn tnr n cnt ls sgnts fctrs:

l ndc d prcs l cnsm (PC). L prdctvdd md lcnzd. l ncrmnt d l prtcpcn dl trbj n l rnt ncnl. L cyntr cnmc gnrl.

(l DSM ncly rgls spcls pr trbjdrs vntls cys srvcs l mprs n sbrps d ls 3 mss 120 ds, y pr l prsnl l srvc dl hgr fmlr, l q s l fj l slr mnm d 5’05€ pr hr.)

Cmpnscn y bsrcn slrl

L rvsn dl SM n fctr l strctr y cnt d ls slrs mnms prfsnls stblcds pr l ngccn clctv y q pr l mcnsm d cmpnscn y bsrcn slrl. L hbtl s q ls rtrbcns prcbds sn sprrs l SM. Pr q pd prr st mcnsm, hy ds rqsts:

Q s trt d cncpts d ntrlz slrl y prdcdd. Q n s trt d cmplmnts prcbds pr rzn dl pst.

L lqdcn d hbrs ld l lqdcn cnmc pr clrfcr l stcn cnmc xstnt ntr ls prts drnt n prd dtrmnd d tmp. Hy ds tps:

Rcb d sld y fnqt: s l prsntd pr l mprsr n l mmnt d fctr l dnnc dl cntrt, q cntn n prpst d lqdcn d ls cntdds dds l trbjdr, y l dclrcn d vlntd d ls prts d pnr fn l rlcn lbrl, cn rnnc xprs clqr rclmcn pstrr. Lqdcn d hbrs: s n lqdcn cnmc pr clrfcr l stcn cnmc xstnt ntr ls prts drnt n prd d tmp, qdnd pndnts ls dms blgcns drvds d l rlcn lbrl. st tp d lqdcn s d n ls sgnts css: sspnsn d cntrt, ls fctds ls trbjdrs fjs dscntns y fjs prdcs l trmn d cd ccl d ctvdd, cnd n prc cn clrdd n l fnqt l vlntd xtntv d tds ls blgcns d l rlcn lbrl, y ls rcgds n l cmnccn d dspd cnd n cnst d md xprs l vlntd xtnt dl trbjdr.

n mbs css, s db nclr:

l slr dl ltm ms. L prt prprcnl d ls pgs xtrrdnrs y trs cncpts rtrbtvs d prdcdd sprr l mnsl. L lqdcn d ls vccns n dsfrtds y d ls dsfrtds ndbdmnt.

Ls cmptncs d ls rprsntnts dl prsnl vnn dlmtds n l nrmtv lbrl, q pdn grprs n: cmptncs nfrmtvs d rcpcn y msn d nfrms, cmptncs d vglnc y cntrl, cmptncs d prtcpcn y cmptncs d clbrcn cn l drccn d l mprs.

Rcpcn d nfrmcn: Ls rprsntnts dl prsnl rcbrn nfrmcn cnmc y lbrl.

n cnt l nfrmcn cnmc rcbrn nfrmcn sbr: vlcn gnrl dl sctr cnmc l q prtnc l mprs, stcn cnmc d l mprs, ndc d prdccn y vnts, blnc, cnt d rsltds, mmr…

n cnt l nfrmcn lbrl, rcbrn nfrmcn sbr: prvsn d clbrcn d nvs cntrts, cps d sts, nfrmcn sbr l stcn y strctr dl mpl n l mprs…

msn d nfrms: S dbrn mtr nfrms sbr ls sgnts cstns:

Rstrctrcns d plntll y css d l msm. Plns d FP d l mprs. Rdccns d jrnd y trsld d ls nstlcns. std d tmps, stblcmnt d sstms d ncntvs y vlrcn d ls psts d trbj. Cnd l fsn, bsrcn mdfccn dl stts jrdc d l mprs spng n ncdnc q fct l vlmn dl mpl.

Vglnc d cntrl: Ls lbrs d vglnc y cntrl sn:

S vglr l cmplmnt d ls nrms vgnts n mtr lbrl. S cntrlrn ls cndcns d sgrdd y sld n l dsrrll dl trbj n l mprs. S vglr l rspt y l plccn dl prncp d gldd d prtndds ntr mbs sxs.

Cmptncs n mtr d prtcpcn n l mprs: Ls rprsntnts d ls trbjdrs prtcprn n l gstn d ls brs scls d l mprs pr bnfcr ls trbjdrs, sgn l dtrmnd n l cnvn clctv.

Cmptncs n mtr d clbrcn cn l mprs: Ls dlgds d prsnl y ls cmts d mprs clbrrn cn l drccn d l mprs pr cnsgr l stblcmnt d ls mdds prtns q prcrn l mntnmnt ncrmnt d l prdctvdd, d l sstnbldd mbntl, y mdds d cnclcn.

Ls dlgds d prsnl y cmts d mprs tnn q nfrmr ss rprsntds sbr ls sgnts tms: vlcn dl sctr cnmc l q prtnc l mprs, stcn d prdccn y vnts, prgrm d prdccn y vlcn dl mpl n l mprs, prvst sbr l clbrcn d nvs cntrts, y spsts d sbcntrtcn.

Ls rgns d rprsntcn dl prsnl tnn cmptncs dvrss cm pdn srls sgnts:

Clsfccn prfsnl. Sstm d scnss y crtrs pr s rlzcn. Grtfccns xtrrdnrs. Jrnd: pd pctrs q l nmr d hrs rdnrs s sprr ls 9h. tc..

Ls rprsntnts dl prsnl tndrn n sr d grnts pr pdr dsmpñr fczmnt s lbr rprsnttv. Vlnrrls s n nfrccn dmnstrtv grv:

n cs d sncn pr flts grvs my grvs, l mprsr brr n xpdnt cntrdctr. Ls rprsntnts gzn d prrdd d prmnnc n l mprs rspct d ls dms trbjdrs. Ls rprsntnts n pdrn sr sncnds n dspdds drnt l jrcc d ss fncns, n dntr dl ñ sgnt l xprcn dl mndt, pr ccns dl trbjdr n l jrcc d s rprsntcn. Pdn xprsr s pnn n l jrcc d ss fncns. Pdn pblcr y dstrbr pblccns d ntrs lbrl scl Dspndr d n crdt d hrs l ms rtrbds pr ss fncns.

Ls sccns sndcls n l mprs. Ls dlgds sndcls

L ccn sndcl n l mprs s cncrt cn l xstnc d sccns sndcls d mprs y d dlgds sndcls.

Sccns sndcls: Ls sccns sndcls stn frmds pr ls trbjdrs flds n msm sndct n n mprs, grp d mprss. Ésts dspndrn d ls msms drchs q ls d ls trbjdrs flds n sndct: pdrn clbrr rnns, rcdr cts, dstrbr nfrmcn sndcl (fr d ls hrs d trbj y sn prtrbr l ctvdd nrml d l mprs), rcbr nfrmcn d s sndct, plntr cnflcts clctvs y ngccn clctv.

(Ls sccns sndcls d ls sndcts ms rprsnttvs pdrn tmbn tnr n tbln d nncs n l cntr d trbj (pr fjr vss dstnds tds ls trbjdrs), pdrn ngcr cnvns (dntr d l stblcd n s lgslcn cncrt), y tlzr n lcl dcd n l q pdr dsrrllr ss ctvdds, smpr q l mprs tng ms d 250 trbjdrs.

Dlgds sndcls: Ls dlgds sndcls sn ls rprsntnts d ls sccns sndcls n ls cmts d mprs n ls rgns d rprsntcn q s stblzcn n ls dmnstrcns Pblcs, smpr q s sprn ls 250 trbjdrs n l mprs.

Ls dlgds sndcls tnn ls sgnts drchs trgds pr l LLS:

Tnr ccs l msm nfrmcn y dcmntcn q l mprs pn dspscn dl cmt d mprs. sstr ls rnns d ls cmts d mprs y d ls rgns ntrns d l mprs n mtr d sgrdd hgn. Sr ds pr l mprs nts d q s tm n dcsn d crctr clctv q fctn ls trbjdrs.

l prcdmnt ngcdr

l prcdmnt ngcdr s l cnjnt d cts scsvs q hn d dsrrllrs ntr ls prts ngcdrs pr lgrr n cnvn clctv. Hy ctr fss: nccn, dsrrll, cnclsn, y cmplmnt d ls blgcns frmls d dpst, rgstr y pblccn dl CC.

nc dl prcdmnt: l nc dl prcdmnt ncly vrs ctvdds:

Prmcn d l nctv d l ngccn: l rprsntcn d ls trbjdrs d ls mprsrs pdn prmvr l ngccn clctv. Cntstcn d l prt rcptr: l prt rcptr dbr cntstr blgtrmnt pr ly, d frm pstv ngtv. Cnsttcn d l cmsn ngcdr: l cmsn ngcdr st frmd pr ls prsns dsgnds pr ls prts ngcdrs pr dsrrllr l prcs ngcdr.

Dsrrll dl prcs ngcdr: n l prcs ngcdr, rg l prncp d lbrtd. Drnt l prcs, s scdn ls sgnts ccns:

L cmsn fj l clndr pln d ccn. nc d ls ssns: n ls q cd prt rvndc y s llg n crd. Tm d crds: tmds sgn l rgmn d myrs. Ngccn d bn f: ls ngccns dbn dsrrllrs sn tlzr l ntmdcn, l dl y l vlnc. S hbr vlnc, l ngccn s sspnd hst q dsprzc st prmr. Mddr: s pd nmbrr n mddr pr dlbrr ntr ls prts cn bjt d llgr n crd cmn. Rdccn d cts: cd ssn db tnr s ct, frmd pr n rprsntnt d cd prt y pr l scrtr.

Cnclsn d l ngccn: l prcs ngcdr pd cnclr cn sn crd.

Cnclsn sn crd: ls prts pdrn prpnr n cnflct n hlg. Cnclsn cn crd: l CC db plsmrs pr scrt, s n sr nl.

blgcns frmls pr l vldz dl cnvn: Pr q l CC s vld, hy q rlzr l rgstr y dpst dl msm, y s pblccn.

Rgstr dl cnvn: db rgstrrs l CC blgtrmnt nt l trdd lbrl cmptnt (plz 15 ds). Dpst dl cnvn: n vz rgstrd, db dpstrs n l rgnsm crrspndnt d mdcn, rbtrj y cnclcn crrspndnt. Pblccn dl cnvn: l trdd lbrl q rgstr l cnvn db mndr s pblccn n l Bltn fcl dl mbt q crrspnd.

Ls CC pdn mpgnrs d ds frms:

mpgncn d fc: s prdc cnd n CC cnclc l lgldd vgnt lsn ls ntrss d trcrs. mpgncn pr ls rprsntnts ntrs sndcls d ls trbjdrs, pr ls mprsrs pr trcrs.

l prcs trmnr cn sntnc q cnfrmr nlr ttl prclmnt l CC.

Ls mdfccns n ls cndcns d trbj pdn sr sstncls n sstncls.

Mdfccns n sstncls: sn mdfccns q pdn sr dcdds nltrlmnt pr l mprsr sn rqst frml lgn. Mdfccns sstncls: sn mdfccns sstncls d ls cndcns d trbj ls q fctn ls sgnts mtrs: jrnd lbrl, hrr y dstrbcn dl tmp d trbj, rgmn d trbj trns, sstm d rmnrcn y cnt slrl, sstm d trbj y rndmnts, fncns.

Ls mdfccns sstncls, sgn l nmr d trbjdrs fctds, pd sr ndvdl clctv. s clctv cnd fct, drnt n prd d l mns 90 ds (3 mss), l mns 10 trbjdrs n mprss d mns d 100; l 10% d trbjdrs n mprss q tngn 100-300; 30 trbjdrs n mprss cn ms d 300. s ndvdl cnd fct n nmr d prsns nfrr q n ls css clctvs drnt n prd d 90 ds.

L mdfccn sstncl db sgr n prcdmnt pr q s fctv, y vr sgn s ndvdl clctv.

Prcdmnt d ls mdfccns sstncls ndvdls: l mprsr db cmncr l mdfccn ndvdl l ntrsd y ss rprsntnts lgls cn ntlcn d 15 ds l fch d s fctvdd. l trbjdr dscnfrm pd ptr pr: rscndr s cntrt (ndmnzcn d 20 ds d slr pr ñ d srvc, mx. d 9 mnsldds), mpgnr l dcsn jdclmnt, nstr nt l Jrsdccn scl s ls mdfccns stblcds fctn l dgndd dl trbjdr.

Prcdmnt d ls mdfccns sstncls clctvs: Hy ds spsts:

Mdfccn d ls cndcns d trbj stblcds n ls CC: l mprsr br n prd d cnslts, s n s llg crd, ls prts pdrn smtr l slcn dl cnflct l Cmsn Cnsltv Ncnl d CC. Mdfccn d ls cndcns d trbj n stblcds n ls CC: sg l msm trmt q l ntrr, y ls dcsn sbr l mdfccn clctv d ls cndcns sr ntfcd pr l mprsr ls trbjdrs cnd fnlc l prd d cnslts sn crd (srtnd fct ls 7 ds).

S l trbjdr s ncntrr dscnfrm cn l mdd xtntv d s CT, pd dmndr l mprs nt l Jzgd d l Scl. l Jz pdr clfcr l dspd cm prcdnt, mprcdnt nl.

Dspd prcdnt: sr prcdnt s hy n rzn fndmntd d l xtncn. Dspd mprcdnt: sr mprcdnt s ls mtvs q lg l mprsr n sn vlds s s ncmpln ls rqsts frmls. Dspd nl: sr nl s l xtncn s bs n lgn mtv dscrmntr s vl ls drchs fndmntls y lbrtds pblcs dl mpld.

Dspd clctv

l dspd clctv s l xtncn dl CT pr css cnmcs, tcncs, rgnztvs d prdccn. L rglcn l rspct s hll n l T (rt. 49.1). Hy, fndmntlmnt, ctr css q pdn nctr l dspd clctv:

Cs cnmc: cnd s dsprnd n stcn cnmc ngtv. Cs tcnc: s gnr cnd s prdcn cmbs n l mbt d ls mds nstrmnts d prdccn. Cs rgnztv: srg cnd s prdcn cmbs n ls sstms y mtds d trbj dl prsnl n l md d rgnzr l prdccn. Cs d prdccn: s bs n ls cmbs n l dmnd d ls prdcts srvcs q l mprs prtnd clcr n l mrcd.

L mprs db crdtr sts css y jstfcr l dspd cn lls. S cnsdr q l dspd s clctv cnd fct l mns : 10 trbjdrs n mprss d mns d 100; l 10% d trbjdrs n mprss q tngn 100-300; 30 trbjdrs n mprss cn ms d 300.

Ls rprsntnts d ls trbjdrs, y trbjdrs cn crgs fmlrs, myrs d 55 y prsns cn dscpcdd tndrn prrdd d prmnnc n l mprs. Ls trbjdrs fctds pr l xtncn prcbrn n ndmnzcn qvlnt 20 ds d slr pr ñ d srvc cn n mxm d 12 mnsldds y qdn n stcn lgl d dsmpl. L rslcn dmnstrtv pd sr rcrrd n v dmnstrtv y, pstrrmnt, n jrsdccn scl.

n l prcs lbrl, l LJS dstng ntr prcss rdnrs y prcss spcls mdldds prcsls. sts prcss pdn nglbrs n ls sgnts prtds: rlcns clctvs d ls trbjdrs, rlcns ndvdls d trbj, mdldd fndd n l ntrvncn d l dm. Pblc, y prstcns d l SS.

Rlcns clctv d ls trbjdrs: Rcg vrs prcss:

Prcs d mpgncn d CC: mpgnr ls CC cnd sts sn lcts dñn ls ntrss d trcrs. Sn lgtms pr hcrl l trdd lbrl, ls rprsntnts lgls d ls trbjdrs ls trcrs dñds. Prcss sbr cnflcts clctvs: rgl l trmtcn d dmnds q fctn n clctv d trbjdrs sbr l plccn ntrprtcn d n nrm, CC prctc d l mprs. Sn lgtms pr prmvrls ls sndcts sccns mprsrls, dm. Pblcs mpldrs, rprsntnts d ls trbjdrs, rprsntnts d ls tnms y l trdd lbrl. (l prcs s trmtr cn prfrnc cn crctr d rgnc.) Prcss d mpgncn d sttts sndcls (LJS, rts. 167-176): st prcs pd mpgnr l rslcn dmnstrtv q dng l dpst d ls sttts d ss mdfccns, l mpgncn d ls sttts d ls sndcts ss mdfccns. Sn lgtms pr prmvr l prcs ls prmtrs d ls Sndcts, l Mnstr Fscl y qlls crdtds cn ntrs drct, prsnl y lgtm. Prcss d mpgncn n mtr lctrl: n mtr lctrl, pdn mpgnrs ls lds rbtrls y l rslcn dmnstrtv q dng l rgstr d ls cts rltvs lccns d rprsntnts d prsnl. Sn lgtms ls q tngn n ntrs lgtm y qns hbrn btnd lgn rprsntnt n l t d ls lccns.

Rlcns ndvdls d trbj: Cmprnd dvrss prcss:

Prcs pr vccns: s bjtv s stblcr l prd d vccns, snd lgtms pr hcrl ls trbjdrs. Prcss sbr clsfccn prfsnl: s bjt s fjr l ctgr prfsnl dl trbjdr n fncn d s pst, snd lgtms pr prmvrl ls trbjdrs. Prcss sbr mvldd ggrfc y mdfccn sstncl d ls cndcns d trbj: n cs d mdfccn sstncl d ls cndcns lbrls, l trbjdr pd dclrr n dmnd sbr l trbjdr. S s jstfcd y prbd pr n jz, l trbjdr sgr n ls msms cndcns, s n, tndr q dptrs ls nvs rnncr l pst. Prcss sbr mpgncn d sncns y dspds: s bjt s rclmr l dspd dscplnr y sncns pr flts grvs my grvs pr prt d n dmnd cntr l mprsr d prt dl trbjdr. Drchs d cnclcn d vd prsnl, fmlr y lbrl rcncds lgl cnvncnlmnt: s bjt s cncrtr ls drchs d cnclcn d vd prsnl, fmlr y lbrl pr prt dl trbjdr l mprsr mdnt n dmnd n dscnfrmdd cn l mdd d cnclcn. (st drch s plcbl ls vctms d vlnc d gnr cm mdd d prtccn.) Prcss sbr xtncn dl CT: cnsst n n rclmcn cntr l dcsn xtntv dl CT pr css bjtvs, y pr css cnmcs, tcncs, rgnztvs d prdccn, frz myr xtncn d l prsnldd jrdc dl mprsr s n s hbr btnd l prv trzcn. Prcss sbr ttl d ls drchs fndmntls y lbrtds pblcs: cnsst n l dfns d ls drchs d lbrtd sndcl, hlg trs drchs fndmntls y lbrtds pblcs pr prt d ls trbjdrs.

Mdldd fndd n l ntrvncn d l dm. Pblc: Rcg vrs prcss:

Prcdmnt d fc mpgncn d cts dmnstrtvs n mtr lbrl y d SS n prstcnls. Prcdmnt d mpgncn d cts dmnstrtvs n mtr lbrl y d SS, xclds ls prstcnls. Rclmcn l std dl pg d ls slrs d trmtcn n ls jcs pr dspd (pr prt dl mprsr).

Prstcns d l SS: S bjt s rclmr prstcns d l SS pr prt dl trbjdr l ntdd crrspndnt.

Sgnfcd dl crr ptrnl y s rglcn lgl

l crr ptrnl s l sspnsn clctv dl trbj pr nctv d n mprsr (tmbn s llmd “lck-t”). S rglcn lgl s hll n l RDLRT (rts 12-15). (S dfrnc ntr crr ptrnl fnsv, q s l q dpt l mprsr pr lgrr n cndct dtrmnd d ls trbjdrs, y l crr ptrnl dfnsv, q s l q dpt l mprsr cm rspst n stcn d cnflct.)

Tps d crr ptrnl lcts

Sn css lcts pr rlzr n crr ptrnl ls sgnts:

xstnc d n plgr ntr n stcn d vlnc pr ls prsns grvs dñs pr ls css (trs n dmstrcn pr prt dl mprsr). cpcn lgl dl cntr d trbj d ss dpndncs (smpr q l cpcn llv prjd n stcn d vlnc q mpd rlzr l trbj ls n hlgsts). nsstnc rrglrdds n l trbj.

Prcdmnt y dsrrll dl crr ptrnl

Pr rlzr n crr ptrnl, hy q sgr n prcdmnt:

Cmnccn d l nctv: l mprsr s rprsntnt dbr cmncr l crr ptrnl l trdd Lbrl (12h nts). Prmnnc d l mdd: l crr ptrnl sl pdr drr hst dsprzcn ls css q mtvrn l crr. S ss css dsprcn y l mprsr n rbr l cntr d trbj, ls trbjdrs pdrn slctrl. S s ptcn s gnrd, l trdd Lbrl pdr rqrr l prtr dl cntr d trbj.

fcts dl crr ptrnl

l crr ptrnl pd sr clfcd pr l jz cm lgl lgl, y n dpndnc d s clfccn, tndr n fct tr.

S l crr s lgl, s sspndn ls CT n gls crcnstncs q n cs d hlg. S s lgl, l mprsr dbr bnr ls slrs crrspndnts l drcn dl crr ptrnl.

strn nclds n l Rgmn Gnrl ls trbjdrs pr cnt jn smlds q prstn ss srvcs rmnrds dntr dl trrrtr ncnl. stn nclds dms ls sgnts clctvs:

- Ls trbjdrs frrvrs.

- Rprsntnts d cmrc.

- Jgdrs prfsnls d ftbl.

- Prfsnls trns.

- rtsts.

- Trbjdrs ddcds l mnplcn, mpqtd, nvsd y cmrclzcn dl pltn.

- Cclsts prfsnls.

- Prsnl d l Mtldd Ncnl d Prvsn d l dmnstrcn Lcl.

- Jgdrs prfsnls d blnmn.

- trs clctvs d dprtsts prfsnls.

Qdn xclds: ls trbjs q s jctn csnlmnt mdnd ls llmds srvcs mstss, bnvls d bn vcndd, ls trbjs q dn lgr l nclsn n lgn d ls rgmns xpcls d l Sgrdd Scl.

Slv prb n cntrr, n tndrn cnsdrcn d trbjdrs pr cnt jn, l cnyg, dscndnts y scndnts y dms prnts dl mprsr pr cnsngndd fndd y n s cs pr dpcn, hst l sgnd grd nclsv.

L ccn prtctr dpnd d l cnfgrcn d ls Sstms d SS, d ss psbldds cnmcs y lgsltvs q s dptn. nq xst flt d nfrmdd n l cbrtr dspst pr ls dstnts rgmns, l Ly dlmt l mbt d xtnsn d l ccn prtctr dl sstm, q cmprndr tds ls prstcns nlzds, pdnd sr mplds pr trs cmplmntrs.

L ctvdd cnmc s cntr n l prdccn d bns y srvcs pr l stsfccn d ls ncsdds hmns, mplnd mds scss y btnnd l mxm fcnc. mplc ls sgnts fctrs:

Dspscn lmtd d ls rcrss. Q ls rcrss sn sscptbls d ss ltrntvs. Q ls ncsdds y dss d ls ndvds sn lmtds.

n td ctvdd cnmc, ntrvnn vrs lmnts: ls ncsdds y dss hmns, ls rcrss, y ls tcncs d prdccn.

Sctrs y gnts d l ctvdd cnmc

n l cnm, hy trs sctrs cnmcs: prmr, scndr y trcr.

Sctr prmr: cmprnd sctrs xtrctvs, qlls n ls q s btn l bn prcdnt d l ntrlz (grcltr, gndr). Sctr scndr: cmprnd l sctr d trnsfrmcn ndstrl, n l q s trnsfrmn ls prdcts btnds pr l sctr prmr pr stsfcr ls ncsdds hmns. Sctr trcr: s l sctr srvcs, ncly ctvdds pr mntnr ls trs sctrs y stsfcr dvrss dmnds (trnsprt, dccn, sndd).

(lgns trs ncntrn n sctr ctrnr, ddcd l cnstrccn.)

Ls gnts q ntrvnn n l cnm sn ls grps q prtcpn n l msm: ls cnms dmstcs, ls mprss y l sctr pblc.

cnms dmstcs: stn cmpsts pr ls fmls, prsns q vvn sls sccns sn nm d lcr. Ésts frcn ss rcrss n l mrcd btnnd ngrss pr dqrr ls bns y srvcs crrspndnts pr stsfcr ss ncsdds. mprss: s ncrgn d prdcr bns y srvcs mdnt fctrs prdctvs. Sctr pblc: s bjtv s mxmzr l bnstr scl. btnn rcrss d frm crctv (dm. Cntrl, tnmc, yntmnts, SS…).

Ls fncns dl sctr pblc sn:

Fscl: btnnd rcrss pr cbrr ls fns prspstrs. Rgldr: fjnd ls rgls dl mrcd n l q ctn ls gnts. Prvdr d bns y srvcs: sbr td pblcs (dccn…). Rdstrbtv: mrcnd pr jmpl l SM, sbsds… stblzdr: ctnd sbr ls grgds cnmcs (nflcn, dmnd, dfct pblc, mpl…).

l hblr d prc, pd vrs dsd ds pnts d vst:

Cm qlbr dl mrcd. Fjd pr l jg d l frt y l dmnd. Cm vrbl dl mrktng d l mprs (plcbl mrcds n cmptnc mnplstc).

s, l sstm d prcs s l mcnsm q rgl l sgncn d rcrss (l q dm Smth cncb cm “l mn nvsbl”) n l mrcd, y srv d vs d dtrmnds stcns, cm l d l scsz d n bn cncrt. n n mrcd, l vnddr trnsfr n bn l cmprdr cmb d n cntdd mntr, dcdnd q cntdd y q prc cnllv l ntrcmb.

n l cs d n mrcd n cmptnc prfct, l cmprdr dcd q cmprr y n q cntdds n fncn d ls prcs stblcds, pr l q l nc vrbl sbr l q pd ctr s l cntdd. L cntdd y l prc fnl ntrcmbr vnn dtrmnds pr ls fncns d l frt y l dmnd.

n l cs d cmptnc mprfct, n fncn dl tp d mrcd, pd dcrs:

Mrcd cn cmptnc mnplstc: n st mrcd, l prc s n fctr d dfrnccn dl bn rspct d ls trs pr cstns d cldd, crctrstcs, ntr trs. Cd vnddr hc n std dl mrcd pr pscnrs cn n bn dtrmnd (dfrncd). lgpls: n st mrcd pd drs l cprcn l grr (nq l cprcn n sl sr pctd). Mnpl: ls ndstrs mnplstcs tndn fjr ss prcs n fncn d ss ngrss mrgnls y d ss csts mrgnls. l ngrs mrgnl s l q btn n mprs pr cd ndd dcnl d prdccn, y l cst mrgnl s l cst d l q s ndd rprsnt pr l mprs.

Cncpt d lstcdd

L lstcdd () ld cm s jst l mrcd, n trmns cntttvs, ls vrcns q nflyn n l dtrmncn d l frt y l dmnd. Hy ds tps d lstcdd: lstcdd pnt y lstcdd rc.

lstcdd pnt: s clcl cnd ls ncrmnts n ls prcs sn my pqñs, ndc l vrcn n l cntdd dmndd frtd pr mdfccns my pqñs d ls prcs. lstcdd rc: s clcl cnd ls ncrmnts n ls prcs sn grnds.

lstcdd d l crv d dmnd

L lstcdd d l crv d dmnd vn dtrmnd pr l vrcn d l cntdd dmndd rspct d l vrcn dl fctr dl q dpnd l dmnd. n fncn d l lstcdd, hy vrs tps d dmnd:

Dmnd prfctmnt nlstc (=0): l cntdd dmndd vr l vrr l prc. Dmnd nlstc ( s mnr q 1): l cntdd dmndd vr n n prcntj nfrr l prc. Dmnd ntr (=1): l cntdd dmndd vr n l msm prprcn q l prc. Dmnd lstc ( s myr q 1): l cntdd dmndd vr n n prcntj sprr l prc. Dmnd prfctmnt lstc ( s nfnt): l cntdd dmndd s nfnt n dtrmnd prc y nl clqr tr.

xstn trs lstcdds d l crv d dmnd:

lstcdd rnt d l dmnd: ndc l rccn d l dmnd nt cmbs n l rnt y s md pr l vrcn prcntl d cntdd dmndd cn rspct l vrcn prcntl d l rnt. lstcdd crzd: vn dtrmnd pr l snsbldd d l dmnd d n bn “” ls cmbs n ls prcs d n bn “B”.

lstcdd d l crv d frt

L lstcdd d l frt md l vrcn n l cntdd frcd nt ls cmbs d ls vrbls q ntrvnn n ll. ndc n d prxmd d l dptcn d l frt l mrcd. Ls crvs d frt pdn tmr vrs frms:

frt prfctmnt nlstc (=0): l cntdd frtd n vr l vrr l prc. frt rct (=1): l cntdd frtd vrr n l msm mdd q l prc. frt prfctmnt lstc ( s nfnt): n dtrmnd prc n s frcr nd y s frcr n cntdd nfnt clqr tr prc.

Ls vrbls cnmcs pdn sr:

Brts nts: sgn nclyn n mrtzcns mpsts. Vlrds prcs crrnts prcs cnstnts: sgn s sn pr clclr ls prcs dl ñ q s st stdnd ls prcs d n ñ bs. Vrbls flj vrbls stck: sgn s mdn pr ndd d tmp dfnms s vlr n n mmnt dd.

Ls vrbls mcrcnmcs s mdn mdnt ls sstms dsrrllds pr l Cntbldd Ncnl, q sn sstms d cntbldd tlzds pr mdr ls mgntds y stblcr rlcns ntr lls. s l q sn ls gbrns pr prsntr ls prspsts y cnts nls, y cm sprt pr tmr dcsns d pltc cnmc. n spñ, s tlz l Sstm rp d Cnts.

Ls cnts ncnls stn ntgrds pr:

L cnt d bns y srvcs: q rgstr ls bns y srvcs d rgn y ss mpls. L cnt d prdccn: q ndc l flj d bns y srvcs. L cnt d xpltcn: ndc l dstrbcn prmr dl Prdct ntrr Brt (PB). L cnt d rnt: rflj l dstrbcn d l rnt ls fctrs ntrns y xtrns. L cnt d tlzcn ntr cnsm y hrr. L cnt d cptl dl std: mstr l dstrbcn dl hrr ntr frmcn brt d cptl y ls ncsdds d fnnccn. Cnt xtrr: ndc ls prcns crrnts y d cptl cn l rst dl mnd.

L cntbldd ncnl s n nstrmnt q prprcn n vsn gnrl d crctr cntttv y clttv d l ctvdd cnmc d n ps, y cnstty l bs pr l dpcn d mdds d pltc cnmc dcds l rldd.

l dnr s td l q pd tlzrs d frm nmdt pr cmplr blgcns, cntrprstcns cts d vlntd, xprsds n n sm d ndds d vlr mntrs d frm stsfctr pr tds ls prts. Ls prncpls crctrstcs dl dnr sn: s cptcn gnrl cm md, s lqdz, s plccn dvrs gm d prcns, y l fcc jrdc q rcb pr prt dl std.

Ls fncns dl dnr sn:

s n md d pg d cptcn gnrl. s n dpst d vlr ( l lrg dl tmp). s l ndd d cnt n l q s mdn ls prcs d ls bns y srvcs. s n ndd d pgs dfrds.

Pr l crcn d dnr, hy q dstngr ntr l cncpt d dnr lgl, q sn ls mnds y bllts, y l dnr bncr, q sn ls dpsts rlzds pr l pblc n l sstm bncr.

L gnrcn d dnr s prdc pr l dqscn, pr prt d ls nsttcns mntrs, d ctvs frnt ls sctrs pblc, prvd y xtrr. cmb d ss ctvs, ls nsttcns mntrs ntrgn ss prps psvs, cptds cm md d pg.

Clqr rgnzcn ncst cd vz ms ls qps d trbj pr lcnzr ss mts, snd st n xgnc nxcsbl dl trbj rlzd n l tcnlg mdrn.

Pr lcnzr qps fccs, pdn sgrs dvrss prcdmnts, cm sn l dsñ y frmcn d nvs qps, prtr d ls cncmnts cntfcs sbr l dnmc d grps y l prfccnmnt d ls qps xstnts prtr d dchs cncmnts.

Dpndndd l rgnzcn y ls bjtvs s pd tlzr lgn d ls sgnts mtds:

Trblln d ds:

Ls mmbrs dl grp hbln cn ntr lbrtd sbr n tm, cn bjt d prdcr ds rgnls, gnrr nvs slcns y stblcr nvs slcns y stblcr nvs rlcns ntr ls hcs ntgrrls d mnr dstnt. S bjtv s dsrrllr l mgncn crdr, ntntnd bscr ds rgnls y ncntrr nvs slcns.

Crcls d cldd

S tlz pr mjr l cldd d vd d ls trbjdrs n l trbj y cntrbr l mjr d l rgnzcn. Sn pqñs grps cn smlr trbj y nvl jrrqc, q s rnn prdcmnt y d frm vlntr, cn l fn d dntfcr y nlzr prblms cmns s prp trbj y ncntrr slcns cnsncds.

L fjcn dl prc d vnt pd hcrs dsd dstnts pnts d vst: n bs l dmnd, n bs l cmptnc, n bs ls csts:

<>Fjcn dl prc d vnt n bs l dmnd: n st, db hcrs n nlss dl prdct srvc prp pr sbr cm nfly l prc n l msm.

<>Fjcn dl prc d vnt n bs l cmptnc: st stcn s prdc cnd xstn n l mrcd mprss q sn ldrs. Hy trs pcns n st sntd: fjr ls prcs n fncn d trs crtrs y prvcr l grr n l mrcd; sgr ls pss d ls mprss ldrs n cnt ls prcs; mrcr dfrncs n l mrcd d prcs.

<>Fjcn dl prc d vnt n bs ls csts: dbn stdrs ls csts d rpscn d l cpcdd d prdctv, hy q tnr n cnt y nlzds tds ls csts rlcnd cn l prdct srvc.

n l drccn, hy vrs cmpnnts fndmntls q hc q n drccn s d n frm tr: l trdd pdr d ldr, l cmprnsn d ls sbrdnds, , l cpcdd d mtvr, y l stl d ldrzg:

<>L trdd l pdr d ldr: l pdr s l cpcdd d n ndvd grp pr nflr n ls ccns d trs ndvds, y l trdd s l pdr drvd d l pscn d n msm n n rgnzcn, tnnd l ltm plbr n l tm d dcsns q fctn trs. Ls fnts d pdr sn vrs: pdr d rcmpns (dr grtfccns), crctv (cstgr), pdr lgtm (ls sbrdnds dbn bdcr), y l pdr d xprnc.

<>Cmprndr ls sbrdnds: y ntndr ss ntrss y mtvcns.

<>Cpcdd d mtvr: s l hbldd d nsprr ls sbrdnds pr q rndn mjr n l mprs, prvcnd s lltd y fdldd.

<>stl d ldrzg: st nfly n l clm q prdc n l grp.

Ls mds d cmnccn pdn sr d trs tps: rls, scrts y n vrbls.

Cmnccn rl: s l frm ms tlzd pr tds, y tn dvrss mdldds: ntrvst, cnfrnc, cnvrscn tlfnc… Ss vntjs sn l spntndd y l rtrnfrmcn nmdt. S ncnvnnt s q n dj nngn tp d cnstnc. Cmnccn scrt: st tp d cmnccn tn l vntj d s cnstnc, l q prmt l msr y rcptr prvr rgstrs, rfrncs y dfnss lgls. L dsvntj q tn s q vcs prsnt dfcltds pr l xprsn y n s pd prprcnr n rtrlmntcn nmdt. Cmnccn n vrbl nfrml: dntr d ll s nclyn l gstl y l smblc. L cmnccn gstl s mtrlz mdnt xprsns y gsts fcls y crprls, tn y vlmn d l vz; l cmnccn smblc mpl lmnts d rfrnc dmtds pr l clctv l q vn drgrs (j: ls sñls d trfc pr ls cndctrs).

ntr ls tcncs rgnztvs xstnts, s dstcn:

• Crcls d cldd: l prtcpcn dl trbjdr y s clbrcn n l rslcn d ls prblms d l mprs mtv l crcn d st tcnc.

• Cntrl ttl d cldd: s trt d lcnzr l cldd glbl n tds ls fncns d l mprs.

• Jst n tm: s trt d fbrcr l q s ncst, lmnnd ls stcks.

• Plnfccn y cntrl d l prdccn nfrmtzd: yd y smplfc n l prprcn d l dcmntcn n n prcs d trbj, prgrmcn d trs, cntrl d xstncs… mdnt ls rcrss nfrmtcs.

• std d tmps nfrmtzd: clcl d tmps d trbj.

• Prcss dmnstrtvs nfrmtzds: s l plccn d l nfrmtc, cn tds ss nnvcns tcnlgcs, ls trbjdrs dmnstrtvs, dsrrllds n l cnjnt d ls fncns d l mprs. • nlss d vlr: cnsst n dtctr ls csts d cd fs d trbj pr mdfcrls y cnsgr n prdct l mnr cst psbl.

l prcs d ngccn s cmpn d vrs fss: btncn d nfrmcn, dgnstc d l stcn, vlrcn dl pdr d ngccn, fjcn d bjtvs, prmrs pss n l ngccn, vnc y fnzmnt, rplntmnt d bjtvs, zn d ntndmnt, crd, y dcmntcn dl crd.

<>btncn d nfrmcn: cnt ms nfrmcn s tng d l prt cntrr, ms sncll sr l psbldd d llgr n crd.

<>Dgnstc d l stcn: trs rcgr l nfrmcn, s cnvnnt plntrs cls sn ls pnts frts y dbls d mbs prts, cl s l cntxt d l ngccn, y pr qn s fvrbl dch cntxt.

<>Vlrcn dl pdr d ngccn: n fncn d td l plntd, s cnvnnt rlzr n vlrcn dl pdr d ngccn y s stms pscnds n l prt frt n l dbl.

<>Fjcn d bjtvs: n fncn d l vlrcn, s plntrn ns bjtvs trs. Ésts dbn tnr n cnt l q stms dspsts frcr y cdr.

<>Prmrs pss n l ngccn: prmrmnt s cnvnnt crr n clm d cnfnz y grdbl pr l dscsn y, pstrrmnt, s xpnn ls rvndccns d cd prt y ls rspsts ls msms d l prt cntrr.

<>vnc y fnzmnt: l ngccn flr s v vnds vnc y ls pscns d cd prt, tnnd n cnt l cmprtmnt d cd n.

<>Rplntmnt d ls bjtvs: n csns, pr mpsbldd d vnzr rzns d ndl smlr, llv l rplntmnt d ls bjtvs, q pd dr lgr q cd prt cdn bn vlntd cmb d pdr css.

<>Zn d ntndmnt: cnd ls prpsts fnls stn crcns, stblcnds ns mrgns d dscsn cd vz ms strchs.

<>crd: l crd fnl pd sr d trs tps: d smsn-dmncn (cnd n prt s nfrr l tr y cpt ss trmns), d cmprms (cnd ls prts hn cmbd ss prcrs y hn llgd n crd cmn), d crd prpmnt dch (cnd s cmprndn ls prts dl tr).

<>Dcmntcn dl crd: l crd l q s hy llgd hy q rlzrl pr scrt y q s frmd pr ls prts.

l prc d n prdct s n nstrmnt d cmnccn q nfly n l cndct dl cmprdr. nts d pnr n prc, hy q tnr n cnt vrs crtrs:

l prc nfly n l mgn dl prdct srvc (sl rlcnrs cn s cldd).

L cnsdrcn dl prc pr prt dl cmprdr s ms mprtnt q l prc n s (ls jys sn crs prq sn jys, ndpndntmnt d s prc).

n cnt l prc, hy trs strtgs bscs:

<>strtg d pntrcn: s trt d rdcr l prc l mxm psbl pr q l gnt cmpr l prdct.

<>strtg d mntnmnt: n vz lgrd n mpl nmr d clnts, l prc db stblzrs. S db prcrr vndr prcs d mrcd.

<>strtg dl dsntd: cnsst n pnrl prcs lts l prdct, s l gnt l vr cm lg my vlrd y sr ccsbl pr pcs.

(L frm d rlzr l pg s dvrs: l cnt, cbrr n ms vncd, lsng, fctrng, crdt…)

Ls mpsts q fctn l ctvdd cnmc sn, bscmnt: RPF, l mpst d scdds, y l V.

<>RPF: s n mpst prsnl, drct, prgrsv y q grv l rnt sn ntndr st cm l bnfc btnd. L bs mpnbl pd dtrmnrs n fncn d ls rgmns plcbls l sjt: stmcn drct (ngrss n sprrs 601012,10€), stmcn bjtv (ngrss n sprrs 450759,08€), stmcn ndrct ( flt d prsntcn d dclrcns dl sjt l dmnstrcn, s stm n bs prxmd).

<>mpst d scdds: s n mpst prsnl, drct, prprcnl y prdc. S hch mpnbl s db l btncn d l rnt pr ls prsns jrdcs, smpr q n stn sjts l mpst sbr l rnt. L bs mpnbl s dtrmn pr l rnt btnd n l jrcc d l scdd.

<>V: s n crg fscl sbr l cnsm, fnncd pr l cnsmdr. Tn vrs rgmns: l smplfcd (scd l stmcn bjtv dl RPF), l d grcltr, gndr y psc, l rgmn gnrl spcl d ls bns sds, bjts d rt y clccn, l rgmn d gncs d vj, y l rgmn dl cmrc mnrst. l hch mpnbl rc sbr l ntrg d bns y prstcn d srvcs fctds pr mprsrs prfsnls, l dqscn ntrcmntrs d bns y l mprtcn d bns.

l nlss d l ctvdd d l mprs pd hcrs dsd ds pnts d vst: fjnds n l rgn d ls fnds q tlz (ctvdd fnncr), fjnds n l plccn d ss fnds n bns y drchs (ctvdd cnmc).

l nlss cnmc s cntr n l tlzcn q l mprs hc d s ctv, s cntr n l cnsccn d bnfcs; l nlss fnncr, pr s ld, s cntr n l strctr dl psv y dl ptrmn nt, n l mnj pr prt d l mprs d ls fnds d fnnccn. L stcn d l mprs s rfljr n ls cnts nls, q stn frmds pr: l cnt d prdds y gnncs, l blnc, l mmr, l std d cmbs n l ptrmn nt, y l std d fljs d fctv:

<>L cnt d prdds y gnncs: s n mdl q clsfc ss cmpnnts, ngrss y gsts sgn s s ntrlz.

<>l blnc: sg st strctr: n l prt zqrd s pn l ctv, rgstrnd tds ls bns y drchs, y n l prt drch l ptrmn nt y l psv, ls rcrss d l mprs pr fnncr s ctvdd.

<>L mmr: s l mnr nfrmcn q l mprs pd prtr, mpl y cmnt l nfrmcn cntnd n trs cnts nls.

<>l std d cmbs n l ptrmn nt: tn ds prtds: l std d ngrss y gsts rcncds (rcg l rsltd dl jrcc d l cnt d prdds y gnncs y ls ngrss y fsts q s mptn l ptrmn), y l std ttl d cmbs n l ptrmn nt (rcg ls cmbs rlzds n ls prtds dl ptrmn nt).

<>std d fljs d fctv: nfrm sbr l rgn y tlzcn d ls ctvs ms lqds.

Ls prmtrs d n pryct mprsrl dbn dfnr l frm jrdc d s mprs. Ls cnscncs d st dcsn sn d rspnsbldd ptrmnl, d prtcpcn n l gstn, fscls, d tm d dcsns, ntr trs. Ls fctrs q hy q tnr n cnt pr dfnr l frm jrdc d l mprs sn:

l tp d ctvdd jrcr.

l nmr d prsns q prtcpn n l pryct mprsrl.

L rspnsbldd d prmtrs.

Ls ncsdds cnmcs dl pryct.

L fscldd (mpsts pgr).

Ls sbvncns (lgns stn vnclds dtrmnds frms jrdcs).

Sn trs ls frms jrdcs q pd dptr l mprs: mprsr ndvdl, scdd cvl mprsr scl:

<>mprsr ndvdl: cnd l mprs s cnstty cm prsn fsc pr n sl ndvd q jrc l ctvdd n nmbr prp. Tn n rspnsbldd lmtd, y l gstn d l mprs qd s lbr lbdr.

<>Scdd cvl: s cnstty mdnt n cntrt n l q ds ms prsns pnn n cmn dnr, bns ndstr pr rprtr ntr s ls gnncs. L rspnsbldd d ls scs s lmtd y sbsdr.

<>mprsr scl: s prdc cnd l mprs s cnstty cm prsn jrdc pr n pr vrs ndvds. L frm ms sl s l Scdd d Rspnsbldd Lmtd, nq hyt trs cm l clctv, l cmndtr smpl, cmndtr pr ccns, S, S Lbrls, SL lbrls, cprtvs.

l prcs d plnfccn d rcrss hmns, tndr cm fnldd cnsgr q l plntll d l rgnzcn s, n td mmnt, cntttv y clttvmnt, l ncsr pr cnsgr ls mts dsds.

L plnfccn d plntll ps pr vrs tps:

Rlzr n nlss q prmt stblcr n dgnstc d l stcn ctl dl prsnl d l mprs. stblcr ns bjtvs q cnsttyn l bs d n pltc d rcrss hmns, cncrtds n plns d ctcn spcfcs. Dgnstcr l vlcn prbbl d ls trbjdrs. jctr l pltc y plns lbrds. ntgrr n l mprs l prsnl cntrtd.

Pr rlzr n nlss d l plntll d l mprs, s sl prtr d n rgngrm rprsnttv d l strctr d l mprs. l nlss d l stcn d l plntll d l mprs tn cm fnldd cmprbr s l prsnl dspnbl y s dstrbcn n ls dprtmnts s l m?s dcd pr btnr l mxm rntbldd d l nvrsn q l mprs rlz n l prsnl.

n vz dgnstcd l rldd ctl d l mprs, s prcd frmlr ls bjtvs cncrts rltvs l plnfccn d l plntll. n sts bjtvs, s dtrmnrn: ls ncsdds ftrs d plntll (s s ncrmnt s rdc), mjrr l cldd dl prsnl y cntrtd, y rstrctrr l plntll ctl pr cnsgr n mjr dptcn ls ncsdds d l mprs.

L strctr d l mprs cmprnd ls rlcns xstnts ntr ls prsns q dsrrlln s trbj n l msm, y n cnjnt d trs. L strctr mprsrl h vnd rprsntnds trdcnlmnt n frm d prmd, n l q s ntgrn ls dvrss nvls q cpn ls dstnts trbjdrs dntr d s strctr.

Ls rlcns ntr ls ndvds q frmn prt d ls mprss gnrlmnt sn d ds tps:

Rlcns d nfrmcn : pdn sr d tp scndnt y dscndnt, y vn dsd ls sbrdnds q frmn l bs d l prmd hc rrb, y vcvrs.

Rlcns d trdd : sn dscndnts y vn dsd l prt lt drccn q frm l cspd d l prmd hc l bs.

Pdms dfnr, pr tnt, n rgnzcn cm l crdncn rcnl d ctvdds d n crt nmr d prsns q ntntn lcnzr ns bjtvs cmns y xplcts, trvs d n dvsn dl trbj y d l jrrqzcn d l trdd y l rspnsbldd. ntndms pr jrrqzcn l rdncn grdcn ntr dstnts prsns.

Cncbms cm trdd n l mbt mprsrl, l drch d tmr dcsns q prmtn lcnzr ls bjtvs d l mprs, y l d xgr l rlzcn d ls ccns ncsrs pr llvr cb dchs dcsns.

l jrcc d l trdd prmt l drccn d l mprs, pr n ld, dcdr q, cm, cnd, cnt y cn qn, y pr tr, xgr l rlzcn d ccns y cnsgr, pr prt d ls trbjdrs, ls bjtvs mrcds.

Pr tr prt, l pdr l hms dfnd cm l hbldd ptncl d n grp prsn pr jrcr nflnc sbr trs prsns grps; s dcr, l nstrmnt pr dsrrllr l trdd cnfrd.

D st frm, cm hms vst l lrg d st tm, l drccn st nvstd d trdd pr s pscn dntr d l jrrq d l rgnzcn: st dtd dl pdr lgtm, crctv y d rcmpns, trgd pr l pdr fcl n l strctr rgnztv, y pr tnt, l q tn sgnds cmptncs y fncns spcfcs, dntr d l rgnzcn, rntds l lgr d bjtvs.

L drccn, rcb l trdd jrrqc pr drgr sbrdnds y l pdr ncsr pr hcrl, y st trdd nc, l pd dlgr sbr trs prsns pr rdnr drgr spcts rltvs l trbj (mnds ntrmds).

l nv mln h trnsfrmd ls prctcs d ls rgnzcns y cn ll, ls hbldds y crctrstcs q l nv ntrn mprsrl dmnd d ls ldrs. l ldr d hy db dmnr n snnmr d fncns, q l fcltn ntrctr cn l md y drgr cn fcnc ls dstns d l mprs. Db sr strtg, rgnzdr y ldr prctv. Pr pdr rgnzr ncst sbr hc dnd v, cm v rgnzrs, y sbr q s mjr rcrs sn ls prsns y sn llbrtd d lccn, n hy ldrzg sn dmn ntmdcn. Dsps d td, cm frm Mrc Sls l mjr ldr s l q n s v.

lgns d ls crctrstcs d ls rnns:

Sn n cnjnt d prsns q s rnn pr trtr n tm. Ls prtcpnts strn rlcnds pr n tm cmn, sbr l q cmbr mprsns. S rqr l rlzcn d n cnjnt d pss q rn dsd l prprcn d l msm hst s cnclsn. s ncsr q ls prsns q s rnn cmprtn n tmp dtrmnd pr trtr l snt q tngn ntr mns. n spc dcd pr s dsrrll.

xstn trs lmnts sstncls n ls rnns:

1.- Sjts grp d prtcpnts:tds ls q ntrvnn n ls rnns sn prts ctvs, pr s pdn dfrncr n ds, ls q l cnvcn y ls prsns q cdn l msm.

2.-bjt snt trtr: s l mtv pr l q s rgnz l rnn. l sjt q cnvcl rnn tn q tnr clr cl s l bjtv q qr cnsgr.

3.- Ls crcnstncs n q s dsrrll l rnn:

Lgr: l lgrl hbr q vlrr l dstnc d ls prtcpnts hst l lgr d rnn y ls cndcns dl spc fsc lgd, cm l mpltd, l lz dstrbcn d l sl. Tmp:

cnd ns rfrms st lmnt hblms tnt dl mmnt n q s cnvc l rnn cm d l cntdd d tmp q vms mplr n ll. Cnd n rnn n st prvst n l jrnd lbrl bn n s n rnn d trbj, hbr q tnr n cnt prmr cnvcr ls nvtds n hrrs y cndcns q n prtrbnls cndcns hbtls d trbj, y sgnd dcr ls hrrs ls prds d tmp n lbrls d ls sstnts.

L mtvc?n lbrl std:

- Ls ncsdds q mplsn l prsn rlzr ccns pr stsfcr ss ncsdds.

- Ls bjtvs q s plntn ls ndvds y c?m cnsgrls.

- Ls mtvs q dn lgr n cc?n vlntr.

5.1 l dgn?stc d l mtvc?n lbrl
Pr ll, l mtvc?n lbrl st? dtrmnd pr fctrs cm: ncsdds,

cttds, ntrss, xpcttvs, vlrs, trbcns, ncsdd d lgr...

Dbd l mprtnc d l mtvc?n pr l rndmnt d ls mprss, dstnts dscplns hn lbrd t?cncs pr s vlc?n. lgns sn: l bsrvc?n, ncsts, tst pscl?gcs, ntrvsts, rprsntc?n.

? bsrvc?n: l bsrvc?n pd sr d vrs tps: prtcpnt (cnd l bsrvdr s ntgr ntr ls bsrvds), ncbrt (cnd l bsrvdr n s prcbd pr ls bsrvds) ndrct (cnd l bsrvdr s mmbr dl grp bsrvd s cnvrt n mmbr tmprl dl grp bsrvd).

? ncsts: sn dvrss prgnts q s ls plnt n grp. S vntj s s prprc?n prv y crrcc?n f?cl y r?pd. S dsvntj s q l ncstd pd prtndr dr n mgn q n s l sy.

? Tst pscl?gcs: sn prbs prprds q nfrmn sbr spcts gnrls d l prsnldd spcts cncrts d pttds, mtvcns, tndncs, tmrs, rccns l str?s, tc.

? ntrvsts: s n ncntr ntr n ntrvstdr y n ntrvstd n l q s hc n d?lg n rlc?n n tm cncrt. Pd sr strctrd (s ls prgnts st?n prprds prvmnt) n strctrd (s s hbl d l q s ds).

? Rprsntc?n: s trt d rprsntr n prblm snt dl grp d trbj. Pd sr rprsntd pr ls mplcds pr trs q cnzcn ls hchs. L rprsntc?n prmt bsrvr cndcts y dbtrls, bscr mtvcns clts y rslvr cnflcts. xg l drcc?n d n prfsnl xprmntd.

l prncp d jrrq nrmtv s n pstld bsc d l sgrdd jrdc, trvs dl q s stblc q ls nrms nfrrs n pdrn cntrdcr l dspst n ls d rng sprr. L rdncn jrrqc n fncn d s rng s l sgnt:

Dspscns drctmnt plcbls dl Drch Cmntr.

L Cnsttcn spñl d 1978.

Ls trtds ntrncnls pblcds fclmnt.

Nrms cn rng d ly.

Rglmnts.

Cnvns clctvs.

Cstmbrs lcls y prfsnls.

Prncps gnrls dl Drch.

Ls dspscns tnmcs n s ncntrn n st rdn jrrqc gnrl y q sl sn sbrns n s trrtr.

Dntr d l rdncn jrrqc, hy ds prncps: l prncp d nrm ms fvrbl y l prncp d cndcn ms bnfcs.

<>Prncp d nrm ms fvrbl: l prncp d nrm ms fvrbl prc n l TRT, n l q s stblc q ls cnflcts rgnds ntr ls prcpts d ds ms nrms lbrls s rslvrn mdnt l plccn d l nrm ms fvrbl pr l trbjdr prcd n s cnjnt.

Pr dlmtr s cmp d ctcn, s ncsr n nlss d ls dfrnts cnflcts nrmtvs q pdn prdcrs:

Ls dvrgncs ntr ls nrms ntrncnls y cmntrs y ls nrms ntrns s rslvrn plcnd l nrm ms fvrbl.

Ls rlcns ntr ls nrms sttls y ls cnvns clctvs.

n cs d cncrrnc d cnvns clctvs stttrs, ls rgnzcns sndcls y ls sccns mprsrls ms rprsnttvs pdrn stblcr clsls sbr l strctr d l ngccn clctv (lbrnd rgls pr rslvr ls cnflcts d cncrrnc ntr cnvns d dstnt mbt).

ntr cnvns xtrttrs, n pd drs cncrrnc y q tnn fcc ncmnt cntrctl (n ls cntrts).

S l cnflct s ntr n cnvn clctv stttr y tr xtrstttr, s plc l cnvn ms fvrbl pr l trbjdr.

n vz plntd l psbl cnflct nrmtv, hy q vrgr cl s l nrm q mrc l clfccn d ms fvrbl. n st rspct, hy ds slcns:

<>Rlzr n cmprcn prcl nltc, cmprnd grps hmgns d mtrs, plcnd l nrm ms fvrbl n s mtr.

<>Rlzr n cmprcn glbl d mbs nrms, plcnd l ms fvrbl n s cnjnt, nq n s l ms fvrbl cn rspct l mtr cncrt.

<>Prncp d cndcn ms bnfcs: n bs st prncp, s grntz ls trbjdrs ss stcns prsnls ms fvrbls mdnt l mntnmnt d ls drchs dqrds pr l trbjdr. Ésts sn:

Ls drchs dqrds rltvs l cntrt d trbj ndvdl.

Ls drchs dqrds pr cncsn nltrl dl mprsr.

Ls drchs dqrds pr ls cnvns xtrstttrs.

Sgn bndnt dctrn jrsprdncl, st prncp n sr plcbl ls cndcns ms bnfcss rcncds pr nrms sttls cnvncnls q sn ssttds pr trs d cntnd nfrr drgds. nq sn lcts ls clsls d grnt d prsnm, q grntzn l rspt ls stcns prsnls q, n s cnjnt, fsn sprrs ls stblcds n l nv cnvn.

L rgnzcn ntrncnl dl Trbj (T) s n rgnsm d l N spclzd n mtr lbrl. S bjtv s mjrr ls cndcns d vd d ls trbjdrs hcnd hncp n ls cndcns lbrls.
(L T st ntgrd pr stds. n ss rgns, pr ls stds sscrts l Trtd d Vrsls y ls q y tn prvmnt; pstrrmnt, s nclyrn trs stds. spñ s ntgr n 1919.)
Pr lgrr q l T hcr n trbj fcz, s l dt d n strctr rgnc q l prmtr fncnr, tnnd trs rgns: L Cnfrnc ntrncnl, l Cnsj d dmnstrcn, y l fcn ntrncnl dl Trbj.
L Cnfrnc ntrncnl (Cnfrnc Gnrl): s l rgn dlbrnt d l T. Cd std mmbr nv ctr rprsntnts q rprsntn l mnd lbrl d cd ps (n rprsntnt d ls rgnzcns mprsrls, n d ls trbjdrs, y ds lgds pr l Gbrn d cd std). Ls fncns prncpls d l Cnfrnc ntrncnl sn:
? Rnrs n vz l ñ, cm mnm.
? dptr Cnvns y Rcmndcns.
? prbr ls prspsts d l T.
? lgr y cntrlr ls mmbrs dl Cnsj.
l Cnsj d dmnstrcn: st frmd pr 50 mmbrs (28 rprsntnts d ls Gbrns, 14 d ls mprsrs, y 14 d ls trbjdrs). Ss fncns sn:
? Rnrs trs vcs l ñ, cm mnm.
? Prprr ls prspsts q hbrn d sr prbds pr l Cnfrnc. ? Prprr l clbrcn d l Cnfrnc.
? Nmbrr l Drctr Gnrl d l T.

L fcn ntrncnl dl Trbj: s n rgn q cn fncns dntr d l rgnzcn. S ncrg d cntrlr l cmplmnt d ls Cnvns pr prt d ls stds, d dfndr l nrmtv prbd n l Cnfrnc ntrncnl... Ls cts q mnn d l T sn ls Cnvns, ls Rcmndcns y ls Rslcns.
Cnvns d l T: sn nrms prbds pr l Cnfrnc ntrncnl d l T q ncstn pr s plccn, n l mbt ntrn d n std, q sn rtfcds pr ls rgns dl msm cn cmptnc pr ll.
Pr s lbrcn, s hc n ptcn sbr l ncsdd d dptr n Cnvn, s cnsdr s rlmnt hc flt, s rdct n pryct d Cnvn, s prb y s rtfc pr q ntr n vgr n cd ps. (lgns d ls cnvns ms mprtnts pr l mnd lbrl hn sd: l Cnvn sbr lbrtd sndcl (n87), y l Cnvn sbr prtccn d l stcn d mtrndd d l mjr trbjdr (n103).)
Rcmndcns d l T: sn cts d l T dptds bn cnd n l Cnfrnc n s btngn ls myrs ncsrs pr prbr n pryct d Cnvn, bn cnd l Cnfrnc ntnd q, pr l rglcn d crts tms, n s ncsr n Cnvn. Sn d crctr n vnclnt, pr tnn crt blgtrdd.
Rslcns d l T: sn cts n vnclnts q n gnrn blgcns pr ls stds. trvs d lls, l T xprs pnns vlrcns sbr dtrmnds tms dl mnd lbrl.

Ls rgns d st Jrsdccn s hlln jrrqzds dl md sgnt:

. Sl V d l Scl dl Trbnl Sprm: rgn clgd, q cn sd n Mdrd, xtnd s cmptnc td l trrtr spñl. st sl cncr:

D ls rcrss d cscn stblcds n l ly.

Dl rcrs d rvsn cntr sntncs frms dctds pr ls

rgns jrsdccnls dl rdn scl.

D ls cstns d cmptnc ssctds ntr rgns dl

rdn jrsdccnl scl q n tngn tr sprr jrrqc cmn.

B. Sl d l Scl d l dnc Ncnl: s tmbn n rgn clgd cn sd n Mdrd y cmptnc n td l trrtr spñl, q cncrn nc nstnc d ls prcss q cntncn s rlcnn, cnd dchs prcss xtndn ss

fcts n mbt trrtrl sprr l d n Cmndd t?nm:

Sbr cnsttcn y rcncmnt d l prsnldd jrdc d ls sndcts y sccns mprsrls, scm d l

mpgncn y mdfccn d ss sttts.

n mtr d rgmn jrdc spcfc d ls Sndcts, n l

rltv s fncnmnt ntrn y ls rlcns cn ss

flds.

C. Sl d l Scl d ls Trbnls Sprrs d Jstc d ls Cmndds tnms: tnn jrsdccn n l mbt trrtrl d s rspctv CC y cncrn:

n nc nstnc, d ls prcss sñlds n l prtdntrr, cnd dchs prcss xtndn ss fcts n mbt trrtrl sprr l d l crcnscrpcn d n Jzgd d l Scl y n sprr l d n Cmndd t?nm;

Cncrn tmbn n nc nstnc d tds qlls prcss q xprsmnt ls trbyn ls lys

D ls rcrss d splccn cntr ls rslcns dctds pr ls Jzgds d l Scl d s crcnscrpcn.

D ls cstns d cmptnc q s ssctn ntr ls Jzgds d l Scl d s crcnscrpcn.

DJzgds d l Scl: tnn jrsdccn n l mbt trrtrl d s rspctv prvnc. Sn mbrg hy bstnts xcpcns dch rgl gnrl, pst q pdn tnr lmtd s jrsdccn n vrs prtds jdcls pdn tnrl mpld vrs prvncs.

Sbr ttl d ls drchs d lbrtd sndcl.

D ls prcss d cnflcts clctvs

D ls prcss sbr mpgncn d Cnvns Clctvs.

Hy n sr d trbjs q s xclyn d sts tps d mdldd cntrctl, cm ls sgnts:

- Ls q prstn srvcs n rgmn d Drch pblc (fncnrs prsnl dmnstrtv dl std).

- Ls prstcns prsnls blgtrs.

- ctvdds rlcnds cn l crg d cnsjr mmbr d ls rgns d l dmnstrcn.

- Ls trbjs rlzds ttl d mstd, bnvlnc bn vcndd.

- Ls trbjdrs fmlrs.

- Ls q rlzn prcns mrcntls pr cnt d n ms mprsrs.

- Ls q trbjn pr cnt prp (tnms).

Tmbn xstn vrs rlcns lbrls d crctr spcl cm:

- L dl prsnl d lt drccn n ncld n l T (rtcl 1.3).

- L dl srvc dl hgr fmlr.

- L d ls pnds n ls nsttcns pntncrs.

- L d ls dprtsts prfsnls.

- L d ls rtsts n spctcls pblcs.

- Ls d ls prsns q ntrvngn n prcns mrcntls cnt d mprsrs sn smr l rsg.

- L d ls trbjdrs mnsvlds n ls cntrs spcls d mpl.

- L d ls stbdrs prtrs q prstn srvcs mdnt scdds sttls ls sjts q dsmpñn sts fncns n ls prts gstnds pr ls CC.

- Clqr tr trbjd dclrd cm rlcn d crctr spcl pr ly. n tds sts spsts, l rglcn d sts rlcns lbrls rsptr ls drchs bscs rcncds pr l C.

Cncpt y cnsttcn

Pr mntr ls prtndds d ccdr n mpl, s fmntn ls mcnsms d ntrmdcn lbrl, trznds ls gncs prvds d clccn cn nm d lcr. Ésts rlzn ctvdds d ntrmdcn lbrl bn cm clbrdrs dl SP bn d frm tnm pr crdnd cn ls msms.

Fncns

prt d mdr n l mrcd lbrl, ls gncs d clccn tnn trs fncns:

Smnstrr ls SP nfrmcn d ls trbjdrs tndds prdcmnt. lbrr y jctr plns pr l clccn d trbjdrs dsmplds ntgrnts d ls clctvs q s dtrmnn. Dspnr d sstms lctrncs cmptbls y cmplmntrs cn ls dl SP. Grntzr l plccn y cmplmnt d l nrmtv vgnt n mtr lbrl y d SS, y ls nrms d ccsbldd nvrsl d ls prsns cn dscpcdd.

6.1 Cncpt l rdnmnt jrdc dt l mprsr d fcltds sncndrs q l prmtn rccnr frnt ls ncmplmnts dl trbjdr d ss dbrs bscs (T, rt. 58.1). Pr q pd jrcr st fcltd, s ncsr q ls flts cmtds n hyn prscrt, sgnd sts plzs: 10 ds pr ls flts lvs, 20 ds pr ls grvs, y 60 ds pr ls my grvs. 6.2 Flts y sncns Ls cnvns clctvs tpfcn ls cndcts sncnbls, grpndls n flts lvs, grvs y my grvs, n fncn d l grvdd dl ncmplmnt, y fjn l tp d sncn crrspndnt cd n. sts sncns vn dsd l mnstcn vrbl l dspd (sspnsns d mpl y sld, trslds frzss, nhbltcns pr l scns…), pr nnc pdn rdcrs l drcn d ls vccns tr mnrcn d ls drchs d dscns. 6.3 Prcdmnt sncndr l jrcc d l ptstd sncndr s llv cb mdnt n prcdmnt, snttzd n ls sgnts trmts: ? S l flt s grv my grv, dbr nvrs n cmnccn scrt l trbjdr cn l fch y hchs q l mtvn. ? S dbr nfrmr y scchr ls rprsntnts lgls d ls trbjdrs d ls sncns mpsts pr flts my grvs. ? S l trbjdr s n rprsntnt dl prsnl (ntr sndcl), rqrr xpdnt cntrdctr cn dnc dl ntrsd y d ls rstnts rprsntnts lgls. ? Ls sncns mpsts pr l mprsr srn rvsbls nt l Jrsdccn lbrl mdnt n prcs spcl (plz d 20 ds hbls pr ntrpnr dmnd cntr l sncn). ? L sntnc pdr dsmbcr n: cnfrmcn d l sncn (cn hchs dmstrbls), rvcr l sncn ttlmnt (pr flt d prbs), rvcr l sncn prclmnt (cnd n s dcdmnt clfcd), dclrrl nl pr n tpfcr n ls dspscns lgls cnvncnls. ? Cntr l sntnc dctd, n cb rcrss lgn slv n css d sncns pr flts my grvs (Ly d Jrsdccn Scl (LJS), rt. 115). ? S s lgr vlcn d n drch fndmntl dscrmntr, l prcdmnt sgr sr l prvst pr l ttl d ls drchs d lbrtd sndcl (LJS, rt. 177-184).

Clss d jrnds

Sgn l crtr dptd, hy dvrss clss d jrnds. Ls crtrs tndn l drcn, l hrr stblcd, y ls ntrrpcns xstnts drnt l jrnd.

Sgn s drcn, pdn sr:

<>Jrnd cmplt: s qll cy drcn lcnz l mxm lgl stblcd. <>Jrnd prcl: s l rlzd pr ls trbjdrs tmp prcl, prstnd ss srvcs drnt n nm. d hrs nfrr l jrnd tmp cmplt.

Sgn l hrr stblcd:

<>Jrnd drn: trnscrr ntr ls 06 y ls 22 hrs. <>Jrnd nctrn: trnscrr ntr ls 22 y ls 6 hrs. S drcn tn n mxm d 8h. drs, y sl n css xcpcnls pdn hcrs hrs xtrrdnrs. sts rcbrn n cmpnscn spcfc pr l pnsdd q ntrñ st tp d trbj (fjd n l cnvn clctv) y xstn nrms pr vlr pr l sgrdd y sld spcfcs d sts trbjdrs.

Sgn ls ntrrpcns xstnts drnt l jrnd:

<>Jrnd cntnd: s l jrnd n q ls hrs drs d trbj s cmpln d frm nntrrmpd (slv ls prds d dscns mrcds pr ly). <>Jrnd prtd: s l jrnd n l q l tmp dr d trbj s dvd n ds prts sprds pr n prd ntrmd y cy drcn sr l pctd. <>Jrnd ntnsv: s n frml d dstrbcn dl tmp d trbj dr tlzd pr l ngccn clctv, sd sbr td n ls mss d vrn pr rlzr n jrnd nfrr l hbtl, pr d frm cntnd.

Hrr d trbj

l hrr s l dtrmncn d ls mmnts n q cd d v cmnzr y fnlzr l ctvdd lbrl. Hy vrs tps mdldds: rgd, flxbl, trns y trbjs sn hrrs.

<>Hrr rgd: cnd l mprsr fj cn xcttd l hr d ntrd y sld d ls mplds. <>Hrr flxbl: cnd ls trbjdrs, dntr d ls lmts prstblcds, lgn l mmnt d ntrd y sld dl trbj, rsptnd l drcn d l jrnd lbrl (rsptnd l gldd d mbs sxs y tndnd l mdfccn dl hrr lbrl d ls vctms d vlnc d gnr). <>Hrr trns: s n frm d rgnzcn dl trbj n qp n l q ls trbjdrs cpn scsvmnt ls msms psts d trbj sgn n rtm dtrmnd, vrnd l hr d nc y sld lbrl, sgn prds d tmp (nrmlmnt smnls). <>Trbjs sn hrrs: s dmtn css n ls q rslt cmplj dtrmnr l mmnt d nc y trmncn d l jrnd (trbjs dmcl, tltrbj…). Rsptnd l pctd n l Cnvn Clctv, l mprsr pd dptr ls mdds q stm prtns. (Sl fchrs n n rlj lctrnc.)

Pr l grn myr d l pblcn slrd, l slr s l prncpl md d vd, l q sgnfc q s nclyn n sr d grnts spcls pr prtgrl frnt l mprsr y frnt ls crdrs d st y dl prp trbjdr.

Prtccn frnt ls crdrs dl trbjdr: l nmbrgbldd dl slr

Ls mdds d prtccn rtclds pr l lgsldr frnt ls crdrs dl trbjdr sn:

Gzn d nmbrgbldd bslt: nstrmnts ncsrs pr l jrcc d l prfsn cnd s vlr n s sprr l mrcd pr l SM nt. Gzn d nmbrgbldd rltv: sl ls rtrbcns q xcdn dl mprt dl SM. Sgn l rdn d bns mbrgbls, stblcd pr l LC, prcdn l slr: ls bns nmbls, mbls y smvnts, ls ccns, ttls vlrs n dmtds ctzcn fcl, ls ttls vlrs dmtds ngccn n l mrcd scndr fcl d vlrs, ls ntrss, rnts y frts d td spc, ls rnts n dnr, ls jys y bjts d rt, ls prtcpcns scls, y l dnr n cnts crrnts.

Prtccn frnt ls crdrs dl mprsr: ls prvlgs dl crdt slrl

st prtccn frnt ls crdrs dl mprsr (prvlgs dl crdt slrl) spn pr l trbjdr n drch d prfrnc frnt ls bns dl mprsr sjts jccn. Frnt ls ndmnzcns cntr l mprsr, sl pdr srl sstrd ls slrs d ls ltms 30 ds d trbj, cn n mprt mxm dl dbl dl SM, prtgnd ls dms slrs y prvlcnd frnt clqr tr crdt.

Fndd Grnt Slrl

Cn l msm fnldd prtctr dl slr f crd l Fnd d Grnt Scl (FGS). s n rgnsm tnm cn prsnldd jrdc prp y cpcdd d brr, q ct cm nt sgrdr grntznd ls trbjdrs l cbr d ls slrs ddds ndmnzcns rcncds n css d nslvnc dl mprsr. n cnt s ccn prtctr, hy ds spsts: l rspnsbldd drct, n xgnds l nslvnc mprsrl cncrs d l mprs; bn l rspnsbldd sbsdr, n spsts d nslvnc mprsrl, d ls ndmnzcns drvds d dspd y xtncn dl CT.

Rspnsbldd drct, n xgnds l nslvnc mprsrl cncrs d mprs: ll s rlz pr ls sgnts css:

xpdnts d Rglcn d mpl, pr cs d frz myr (cnd l trdd lbrl crd l pg prcl ttl d l ndmnzcn). mprss d mns d 25 trbjdrs, n cs d dspd bjtv d xtncn clctv. Dspds bjtvs clctvs rfrds cntrts ndfnds sscrts prtr dl 18 d jn d 2010 (pg mprs d 8 ds pr ñ d srvc).

Rspnsbldd sbsdr, n spsts d nslvnc mprsrl, d ls ndmnzcns drvds d dspd y xtncn dl cntrt d trbj: pr ls sgnts css:

Dspd dscplnr clfcd d mprcdnt nl (cn clsl ndmnzcn y rdmsn). xtncn dl CT pr vlntd dl trbjdr bsd n cs jst. Dspd clctv pr css cnmcs, tcncs, rgnztvs d prdccn, ncld l xtncn d l prsnldd jrdc d l mprs. xtncns d cntrts tmprls d drcn dtrmnd. xtncns dl CT crddds n l Ly Cncrsl (rt. 64)

l FGS n rspnd d ls sgnts ndmnzcns:

ndmnzcns pr mrt, jblcn ncpcdd dl trbjdr. ndmnzcn pr rscsn d cntrt nstnc dl trbjdr pr mdfccns sstncls d ls cndcns lbrls y mvldd ggrfc. ndmnzcn pr flt d prvs, cnd n rtrby trbj fctv n clqr d ls spsts q rslt xgbl.

n cnt ls lmts cntttvs: l vlr dl d d slr n pdr sprr l dpl dl SM, y n cnt l ndmnzcn, s tp s n nldd d slrs. n cnt ls cntrts tmprls, s cbr 8 ds pr ñ d srvc.

Pr slctr l FGS, s dbr r ls trdds dmnstrtvs prtnnts, q llvrn cb l nstrccn dl xpdnt, cmpñd d l dcmntcn lglmnt prvst (nclynd l ct d cnclcn n l q s rcnzc ls cntdds dbds). Pstrrmnt, ls ndds prfrcs rmtrn l nfrmcn l Scrtr Gnrl dl Fnd pr dctr l rslcn n n plz d 5 ds, rdnnd, n s cs, l pg l TGSS.

Prtccn n ls spsts d sbcntrtcn

L sbcntrtcn s n prctc rgnztv q prmt l mprs ptr pr rlzr cn ss prps mds, bn cncrtr cn trcrs, crts trs lbrs prps d s ccl prdctv, mprscndbls pr s crrct fncnmnt.

(Hy trs tps d mprsrs n ls spsts d sbcntrtcn ncsrs pr stblcr ss rspctvs blgcns:

Prmtr prptr d l br: ncrg l rlzcn d l br y l rcb n vz trmnd. mprsr cmtnt prncpl: s l q ntrvn n l jccn d l ttldd d l br l prstcn dl srvc cn ss prps mds, nstlcns y prsnls, y q dcd ncrgr crts fncns trs trs mprsrs pr q l br s cmplt. mprsr cntrtst xlr: jct l prt d l br srvc ncrgd pr l mprsr cmtnt prncpl.)

Hy vrs mdldds d trbj n cntrts:

Cntrts sbcntrts d brs srvcs prtncnts l prp ctvdd d l mprs prncpl. Cntrts sbcntrts q blgn dsrrllr trbj n cntrs d trbj d tr mprs. Cntrts d brs srvcs ncrgds pr l prptr d l br. Cntrts xclds d l rglcn lbrl.

Ls mprsrs q cntrtn sbcntrtn cn trs l rlzcn d brs srvcs crrspndnts l prp ctvdd d l mprs, cmprtrn rspnsbldds n mtrl lbrl, cm: dds slrls, blgcns trbtrs, slrs d trmtcn (n cs d dspd mprcdnt, n ndmnz n rdmt ls trbjdrs dspdds), blgcns frnt l SS (l mprsr prncpl rspndr l trmncn d s ncrg d ls blgcns cntrds pr l cntrtst y sbcntrtst n mtr d SS, y pd rsltr rspnsbl sbsdr pr ls dds d SS dl cntrtst srgds drnt l vgnc dl cntrt s l cntrt fs dclrd nslvnt).

l slr cmpl n dbl fncn: pr n ld, jrdc, rtrbynd ls srvcs prfsnls prstds pr cnt jn, y, pr tr ld, l cnmc-scl, q s l sstntcn dl trbjdr. Pr ll, l Drch fj n cnt mnm prtr d l q s ngcbl sbr. L ngccn s l nstrmnt ms dcd pr l fjcn d ls slrs y l dptcn d l strctr slrl cd ndd d ngccn. dms, prmt n rvsn prdc ms rpd.

L cnt dl slr h d fjrs tndnd l cntdd y cldd dl trbj, crcnstncs prsnls y fncnls. l mprsr db fctr ls dscnts lgls q dbn sprtr ls trbjdrs pr cmplr ss blgcns cn l SS y Hcnd.

l drch d rnn s n drch fndmntl (T, rt. 4). L cnvctr l rlzrn ls dlgds d prsnl l cmt d mprs, l prp cntr d trbj, tnnd cnstnc n l ct. L cnvctr s cmncr l mprsr 48h nts d s clbrcn.

L rnn s dsrrllr n l cntr d trbj s ls cndcns l prmtn fr d ls hrs d trbj, slv crd dl mprsr. Sr prsdd pr l cmt d mprs pr ls dlgds d prsnl (d frm mncmnd). N s xg n qrm spcfc pr s cnsttcn, n s xg n ct (nq sr cnvnnt). L vtcn s hr mdnt sfrg lbr, prsnl, drct y scrt (s prmt l vt pr crr).

l rgmn jrdc sndcl nglb l dqscn d l prsnldd jrdc d ls sndcts y l rgmn d rspnsbldds.

dqscn d l prsnldd jrdc d ls sndcts: L lgslcn spñl xg pr l fndcn d ls sndcts q l vlntd fncnl s plsm n n ct d cnsttcn. L LLS rgl l mcnsm d dqscn d l prsnldd jrdc. Ls sndcts hn d dpstr ss sttts n l fcn pblc (stblcd l fct) pr dqrr l prsnldd jrdc y l pln cpcdd d brr.

L fcn pblc pd rqrr ls prmtrs q sbsnn ls dfcts bsrvds (plz 10 ds). Pstrrmnt, l fcn pdr pblcr l dpst rchzrl pr fltr lgn rqst. s, l sndct dqrr prsnldd jrdc y pln cpcdd d brr trnscrrds ls 20 ds hbls dsd l dpst d ls sttts.

Rgmn d rspnsbldds: l rgmn d rspnsbldd sndcl dstng ntr:

Dñs y prjcs csnds pr cts crds sndcls dptds pr ls rgns stttrs n ss cmptncs (rspnd l sndct). Dñs y prjcs csds pr cts ndvdls d ss flds n l jrcc d ss fncns rprsnttvs (rspnd l sndct). Dñs y prjcs csds pr cts snglrs d flds ctnd n s prp nmbr (rspnd l prp sjt).

L rspnsbldd tn l trpl vrtnt: pnl (rcr sbr ls prsns qns s mptn ls dlts), Cvl y dmnstrtv.

crds d dhsn

L dhsn n CC s prdc cnd n ls ndds d ngccn dl cnvn ls prts hcn sy n cnvn ngcd pr trs. Pr q s vld l dhsn, sn ncsrs n sr d rqsts:

Ls prts dbn prbr l dhsn d cmn crd. L dhsn h d sr l ttldd dl CC, psnd ls prts dhrnts sr prts ngcdrs dl cnvn. Ls ndds d ngccn n pdn str fctds pr tr CC n vgr. L dhsn h d cmncrs l trdd lbrl cmptnt n cnt rgstr, dpst y pblccn.

cts d xtnsn

L xtnsn d ls CC s rg pr ls sgnts nrms:

Pdrn ncr l prcdmnt d xtnsn ls q stn lgtmds pr prmvr l ngccn clctv n l mbt crrspndnt. l CC q s xtnd h d sr d mbt sprr l mprs, cn n drcn mxm d 3 mss. l Mnstr d mpl pdr xtndr ls dspscns d n CC n vgr n plrldd d mprss trbjdrs, n sctr d ctvdd.

l mprsrpd sr ssttd pr tr mdnt n cmb d ttlrdd, qdnd l nv mprsr sbrgd n ls drchs y blgcns dl ntrr. L sbrgcn mprsrl s prdc cnd:

Cnd s trnsmt n mprs n s cnjnt. Cnd s trnsmt n cntr d trbj Cnd s trnsmt n ndd prdctv tnm sscptbl d xpltcn ndpndnt.

L sbrgcn mprsrl st rgld n l T (rts 44, 55.11). n cnt s ntrlz jrdc, l sbrgcn mprsrl s n sbrgcn pln n l ntr pscn jrdc dl mprsr, n ss drchs, n ss blgcns, lbrls, y d SS. Hy n sr d pclrdds tnr n cnt:

Ls rlcns lbrls d ls trbjdrs fctds pr l scsn s rgrn pr l CC hst q ntr tr nv n vgr, tnnd sts ls msms cndcns lbrls. S l mprs cnsrv s tnm, l cmb d ttlrdd dl mprsr n xtngr ls crgs d ls rprsntnts d ls trbjdrs. S dbr nfrmr ls rprsntnts d ls trbjdrs s hy trbjdrs fctds y q ls fct.

l dspd dscplnr s n xtncn dl CT pr dcsn nltrl dl mprsr, bsd n n ncmplmnt grv pr prt dl trbjdr. Ls css dl dspd dscplnr pdn sr:

Flts rptds njstfcds d sstnc pntldd l trbj. ndscpln dsbdnc n l trbj. fnss vrbls fscs l mprsr cmpñrs dl trbj. Trnsgrsn d l bn f cntrctl y bs d cnfnz n l trbj. Dsmncn cntnd y vlntr n l rndmnt nrml d trbj. mbrgz y txcmn hbtl s rprctn ngtvmnt n l trbj. cs pr rzn d rgn rcl tnc, rlgs, pr dscpcdd, dd rntcn sxl, y cs sxl pr rzn d sx l mprsr cmpñrs d trbj.

Cncpt d rcrs

l jz trbnl l dctr clqr rslcn pd rslvr rrnmnt n dmnd. ntncs, s hc ncsr n sstm d mds d mpgncn l rspct, q sn ls rcrss cntr ls rslcns jdcls. Pr q n rcrs s dmsbl db sr rcrrbl, q hy prdcd prjcs qn l mpgn y q n hy trnscrrd l plz lgl cncdd pr rcrrr.

Clss d rcrss

Ls rcrss s clsfcn n:

Rcrss dvltvs y n dvltvs: ls dvltvs sn ls rcrss q cnc n jz dstnt y sprr dl q h dctd l rslcn mpgnd (rcrs d splccn, qj, rvsn y cscn); ls n dvltvs sn ls q cnc l msm jz q h dctd l rslcn (rcrs d dpscn). Rcrss rdnrs y xtrrdnrs: ls rdnrs sn ls q pdn ntrpnrs frnt clqr rslcn mpgnbl pr clqr cs (rcrs d rpscn y qj); ls xtrrdnrs sn ls q s dmtn sl frnt dtrmnds rslcns y pr css stblcds n l ly (rcrs d splccn, rvsn y cscn).

Dntr d st clsfccn, ns ncntrms rcrss spcfcs: d cscn, splccn y rvsn.

Rcrs d cscn: l rcrs d cscn prcd cntr dtrmnds sntncs prvnnts d ls Trbnls Sprrs d Jstc (TSJ), dnc Ncnl (N) y s rvlv pr l Sl Crt dl Trbnl Sprm (TS). Sn rcrrbls n cscn:

Ls sntncs dctds pr ls Sls d l Scl d ls TSJ. Ls sntncs dctds n rlcn cn xpdnts d rglcn d mpl, xtncn d CT, sspnsn dl CT, rdccns d jrnd (cnd fctn mns d 50 trbjdrs). Ls ts q rslvn l rcrs d rpscn.

l rcrs d cscn hbr d fndrs n lgn d ls sgnts mtvs: bs n l jrcc d l jrsdccn, ndccn dl prcdmnt, qbrntmnt d ls frms sncls dl jc pr nfrccn d nrms, nfrccn dl rdnmnt jrdc, rrr n l prccn d l prb.

L Sntnc rslvr l rcrs cnfrm Drch (plz 10 ds dsd l vst).

Rcrs d splccn: l rcrs d splccn s d crctr xtrrdnr y dvltv, snd cmptnt ls Sls d l Scl d ls TSJ. l rcrs d splccn (plz 5 ds) dbr ntrpnrs mdnt n scrt q xplq cn clrdd l mtv dl msm, ctnd ls nrms lgls q s cnsdrn nfrngds.

l Scrtr Jdcl dvlvr ls ts cn l crtfccn d l sntnc l jzgd d prcdnc pr s jccn.

l rcrs d rvsn: l rcrs d rvsn s d crctr xtrrdnr y dvltv, snd cmptnt l Sl d l Scl dl TS. Prcdr cntr clqr sntnc frm dctd pr ls rgns dl rdn jrsdccnl scl. N sl hbr vst pr ll.

trs rcrss

prt d sts rcrss, hy trs ms: rcrs d rpscn, rcrs d qj, y rcrs d dnc l rbld.

Rcrs d rpscn: l rcrs d rpscn s d crctr rdnr y n dvltv y s ntrpn nt l nstnc d l q mn l rslcn mpgnd y prcd cntr ls prvdncs y ts q dctn ls jcs d l scl, ls dl TSJ y ls d l dnc Ncnl.

Rcrs d qj: l rcrs d qj s d crctr rdnr y n dvltv. S ntrpn cntr l dcsn d n tnr nncd l rcrs d splccn q s ntrpn nt l Sl d l Scl dl TSJ crrspndnt, bn cntr l dcsn d n tnr prprd rcrs d cscn ntrpst nt l Sl d l Scl dl TS.

Rcrs d dnc rbld: Ls prcss sgds sn cmprcnc dl dmndd s l plcrn ls nrms cntnds n l Ly d njcmnt Cvl (LC).

md d rsmn y cnclsn, pdms dcr q:

L rldd dl mnd lbrl gnr cntrvrss ntr trbjdrs y mprsrs. vcs, pr slvntr ls dfrncs ntr mbs, s ncst rcrrr prcss spcfcs, nclynd l ntrvncn d trcrs. l drch hlg s n drch ndvdl jrcd d frm clctv. L nrmtv q rgl l crr ptrnl l cnfgr cm n mnfstcn d pdr dl mprsr mdnt l q jrc s lbr d vglnc y cntrl pr lgrr cnsrvr l prdctvdd.

l prcs prdctv tn cm fn pnr n l mrcd ls bns y srvcs ncsrs pr l stsfccn d ls gnts cnmcs. L fncn d prdccn vn dtrmnd pr l rlcn ntr ls cntdds fscs d npts tlzds n l prcs prdctv y l cntdd btnd d tpt pr n tcnlg dd. Hy ds tps d fctrs cnmcs:

Fctrs rgnls: prtds pr l md ntrl, sn l trr y l trbj. Fctr drvd: l cptl.

(lgns trs ñdn l fctr d nctv mprsrl cn bjt d gstnr ls fctrs ntrrs.)

Ls fctrs prdctvs sn tmbn scss, d h q s gstn db sr fcz. l s d sts fctrs mplc l ncsdd d rmnrrls:

l fctr trr s rmnr mdnt l rtrbcn dl prc pr s s (rnt). l fctr trbj mdnt l slr. l fctr cptl mdnt l pg d ntrss d dvdnds.

(l fctr d nctv mprsrl mdnt ls bnfcs q s btn d l mprs.)

Ls gnts cnmcs sn ls ndds q s cnsttyn n cntrs d dcsn cnmc. Hy ds tps d gnts cnmcs: ls prvds (cnms dmstcs y mprss) y ls pblcs (l sctr pblc):

cnms dmstcs: stn cmpsts pr ls fmls, prsns q vvn sls sccns sn nm d lcr. Ésts frcn ss rcrss n l mrcd btnnd ngrss pr dqrr ls bns y srvcs crrspndnts pr stsfcr ss ncsdds. mprss: s ncrgn d prdcr bns y srvcs mdnt fctrs prdctvs. Tmn dcsns mprtnts n l cnm cm l mpl y l cmbncn d ls fctrs prdctvs dspnbls n l sstm, cn crtrs rcnls bsds n l btncn dl mxm bnfc. Sctr pblc: s bjtv s mxmzr l bnstr scl. btnn rcrss d frm crctv (dm. Cntrl, tnmc, yntmnts, SS…).

L prtcpcn dl sctr pblc n l cnm s rlz n l rlzcn d ls sgnts fncns:

stblcr n mrc q prmt ls dms gnts cnmcs dsrrllr s ctvdd n l mrcd. frcr, cmprr bns y srvcs, y rlzr trnsfrncs. Dtrmnr ls mpsts y s gstn. stblcr mdds d pltc cnmc pr stblzr l cnm y prcrr n crcmnt sstnd. stblcr mdds scls q cntrbyn n mjr dstrbcn d l rnt. Dsñr l mrc y ls pltcs dcds q prmtn q l sstm s fcnt.

L stcn d qlbr n n mrcd s d cnd n hy tndnc l cmb. st cncpt d qlbr n l mrcd tn ls sgnts prncps:

Sl hy n prc l q l cntdd dmndd gl l cntdd frcd (qlbr nc). Sl l prc d qlbr prmncr cnstnt l prc d mrcd. S l crv d frt dmnd s dsplz, s prdcn nvs stcns d qlbr.

Hy ds tps d qlbr: l gnrl y l prcl:

qlbr gnrl: s l stcn d qlbr ntr ls dstnts vrbls (frt, dmnd, rnt, prcs…). qlbr prcl: s l stcn cnmc n l q n vrbl nfly sbr tr, y l rst prmnc cnstnt.

l dsplzrs ls crvs d frt dmnd hc l drch mplc q, ls msms prcs, frt y dmnd mntn l cntdd dmndd y frcd; y s l dsplzmnt s prdc hc l zqrd l bn, cn l msm prc, frt y dmnd dsmnyn l gl q l cntdd dmndd y frcd.

Ls lys d frt y dmnd nncn ns prncps:

l mnt d l dmnd d n bn prdc n ncrmnt n l prc y n l cntdd d qlbr; n cs d dscns d dmnd d n bn, st prdc n dsmncn n l prc y n l cntdd d qlbr. n mnt d l frt d n bn cs n dscns n l prc d qlbr y n ncrmnt n l cntdd d qlbr; n dscns d l frt d n bn prdc n ncrmnt dl prc d qlbr y n dsmncn n l cntdd d qlbr.

Ls mcrmgntds rlcnds cn ls vrbls d prdccn, rnt y gst sn:

Mcrmgntds rlcnds cn l prdccn: Ls rlcnds cn l prdccn d bns y srvcs sn:

Prdccn d bns y srvcs q s vndn n ls mrcds. Prdccn grcl cnsmd n ls hgrs d ls prps grcltrs. Prdccn pr cnt prp d ndds prdctvs d bns. Rmnrcn n spc d ls mprss ss mplds. Vnts rsdls d ls dmnstrcns pblcs. Srvcs frcds pr ls vvnds cpds pr ss prptrs. Srvcs d l dm. Pblc n dstnds l vnt.

n st sntd, cb dstcr l prdct ncnl (PN). l PN s l vlr ttl d l crrnt d bns y srvcs fnls gnrds pr n ps drnt n prd d tmp (s n vrbl d flj). Pd mdrs n trmns brts nts:

Prdct Ncnl Brt (PNB): s l vlr d l prdccn brt d ls fctrs prdctvs d n ps drnt n prd d tmp, clcld prcs d mrcd. Prdct Ncnl Nt (PNN): gl q l ntrr pr d l prdccn nt.

Mcrmgntds rlcnds cn l rnt: L rnt ncnl (RN) d n ps s l sm ttl d ls rnts gnrds pr ls psdrs d fctrs d prdccn n cntrprstcn pr l prtcn d ls msms l prcs prdctv drnt n prd d tmp. (L RN sl tlzrs n trmns nts y prc d cst d ls fctrs d prdccn. Pr ll, s dntfc cn l PNN, pr cn l dfrnc d q st s clcl prcs d mrcd).

L rnt dspnbl vndr dd pr l rnt prsnl, sstrds ls mpsts prsnls. L rnt pr cpt rnt md pr hbtnt rslt d dvdr l RN pr l ttl d l pblcn. Sl srs pr mdr l nvl cnmc d n ps.

Mcrmgntds rlcnds cn l gst: l gst ncnl (GN) s l sm d tds ls gsts ncsrs pr dqrr l PN: gsts d cnsm, gst d nvrsn, gst n xprtcns mprtcns. sts gsts ldn l sctr prvd y pblc. (l GN pd xprsrs n trmns brts nts.)

L frt mntr s l cntdd d dnr lgl y bncr n mns dl pblc. n d ls ndcdrs d l vrcn nflcn dl dnr s l grd d lqdz d n ctv fnncr. st vn dd pr: l cnvrsn dl dnr crt plz sn q spng prdd d vlr y prdd d l rnt.

tr d ls mgntds q s tlzn cm ndcdr n l sstm mntr s l bs mntr dnr d lt pdr, dfnd pr ls ctvs d cj (dpsts d ls nsttcns fnncrs n l Bnc d spñ) ms l dnr n fctv q mntnn l pblc y l sstm crdtc.

L nflcn s n sbd gnrlzd d ls prcs. Ls tps d nflcn ms crctrstcs sn:

Tr cntttv d l nflcn: l cs d l nflcn s l ncrmnt d l frt mntr. nflcn d dmnd: l nflcn dpnd dl crcmnt dl cst d ls fctrs d prdccn d l dfrnc ntr l hrr y l nvrsn. nflcn d csts: s ls csts d ls fctrs d prdccn sn sprrs l prdctvdd, s prdc n nflcn d sts prmrs pr l mnt d ls csts d l prdctvdd. xplccn mntr d l nflcn: rlcnn l nflcn cn l crcmnt d l frt mntr. nflcn strctrl: l bjtv d nflcn cr mrcd pr ls gbrns chc cn l xstnc d strctrs cnmcs, q prvcn nflcn. nflcn cn stncmnt: s crctrz pr n sbd d prcs cmpñd cn n mnt n ls nvls d dsmpl.

l mbrl d rntbldd pnt mrt ld l nmr d ndds q h d vndr l mprs pr n tnr bnfcs, n prdds. prtr d s pnt, cmnzr tnr bnfcs. l clcl dl pnt mrt tn dvrss tldds:

stblc rlcns ntr l vlmn d prdccn, csts y bnfcs, y prmt stdr l rlcn ntr prc, cst y cntdd.

Prmt nlzr l rsg prtv d l mprs.

s tl pr l rlzcn dl prspst y s cntrl (mdnt cntrl d vnts, csts y bnfcs).

yd n l dcsn d fjcn d prcs y n cstns rltvs sbr mnts d l cpcdd prdctv.

yd n l plnfccn, l ndcr ls fcts d ls dcsns (prcs, vnts…).

Dsd ls tmps ms rmts n q ls ndvds s grpbn pr sbrvvr, h sd ncsr d n vlntd sprr q crdn l grp. Pr ll, n l rgnzcn l trdd s n d ls crctrstcs dl cncpt d rgnzcn y rqst pr q st s fcz.

n l dsñ d l rd d trdd hy q tnr n cnt vrs spcts: cdn d mn, ndd d mnd, ngl d cntrl, l cntrlzcn/dscntrlzcn, y l dlgcn.

<>Cdn d mnd: rprsnt n scnc d rlcns cntnds d dpndnc d q s xtndn dsd l ms lt d l rgnzcn hst s bs, rprsntd l strctr jrrqc d l rgnzcn.

<>ndd d mnd: sstn q cd sbrdnd db rspndr nt n sl jf.

<>Ángl d cntrl: ld l nmr d sbrdnds q pdn sr cntrlds fctvmnt pr n jf.

<>Cntrlzcn/dscntrlzcn: l cntrlzcn mplc q l pdr sl l stnt l jf, y l dscntrlzcn mplc q l trdd l stntn dvrss prsns.

<>Dlgcn: st rlcnd cn tds ls cncpts ntrrs, cnsst n drl crt trdd y rspnsbldd tr prsn.

n n ngccn, s cnvnnt cncr ls rsgs prsnls d cd ngcdr:

<>Sgn l cmnccn: l ngcdr pd sr grsv (tcnd l tr prt), sms (n frntnd ls prblms), srtv (dcnd l q pns sn tcr l tr). L ms cnvnnt sr dptr n pstr srtv.

<>tcncmnt: cncrs s msm prmt cncr l pr q hcms ls css, d q css ns rrpntms, q css dsms, l cnsdrcn q tnms d nstrs msms… y ll nfly cnscnt y/ cnscntmnt n l prsnldd y, pr nd, n l ngccn.

<>tstm y sgrdd prsnl: n prsn cn tstm y sgrdd prsnl pd rlzr crtcs cnstrctvs tnt d s msm cm dl ntrn, sn tnr q, ncsrmnt, tcr nd.

<>Ls mnrs: n cnt ls mnrs, s cnvnnt tlzr ns bns mnrs, sn llgr cmprtmnts rgds y dmsd frmls, snd dcds, fbls y cn crt hmr pr svzr ls dscsns. N cmplr l hrr prvst, nfdrs mntr n nmr sl srn cntrbcns ngtvs. vcs, n stcns d tnsn, s dcd tmr ns sgnds pr rsprr prfndmnt.

<>Ls pqñs csns: cnsgr q l tr prsn cd s pstv, y q mplc q lg hms hch bn.

L prcpcn prncpl n l cmnccn s cnsgr q s l ms fctv psbl. Pr vcs pdn plntrs prblms y brrrs cmnctvs. Pr jmpl, n l mprsr pr s nflnc n l prcs d dmnstrcn d l mprs, y n l trbjdr cnd n cdfc dcdmnt l mnsj.

n td trnsmsn, rsltn my sgnfctvs tds ls prblms drvds d l prsnc d vrs ntrmdrs, l q cnllv q, mdnt lls, crcl td l nfrmcn, pdnd l mnsj prdr td l prcsn q rlmnt dbr tnr.

tr d ls prblms q pdn pnr l bn fn d l cmnccn s l cttd y cmprtmnt dl rcptr: flt d tncn, tndnc gnrr l q n s qr r, vlcn prmtr d l q s cr r, s std d nm, ntr trs.

L crnc d rtrlmntcn mrm l prcs d cmnccn. L rtrlmntcn sgr l fctvdd d l cmnccn, prprcn cnfnz, mntrs q, ls mnzs, l tmr, y l flt d cnfnz mnn l cmnccn. n st sntd, s cnvnnt tnr n cnt q l msr s l lmnt ncdr y ms ctv dl prcs d cmnccn.

l dstrbdr s n md mdnt l q flyn ls prdcts pr q llgn n lgr ccsbl pr l clnt. l dstrbdr ms cncd s l q frc n spc n cndcns pr q l clnt cmpr. Hy trs strtgs d dstrbcn bscs:

<>Dstrbcn ntnsv: bsc l mxm nmr psbl d stblcmnts mnrsts pr lgrr l mxm cbrtr.

<>Dstrbcn slctv: s lgn dtrmnds dstrbdrs, bn pr s cpcdd d vnts, pr s cldd, ntr trs fctrs.

<>Dstrbcn xclsv: xclsv bn pr n zn ggrfc cncrt, pr crts stblcmnts, q n vndrn prdcts d trs mrcs (frnqc).

dms d ls mpsts xpsts, hy trs mpsts q grvn l ctvdd mprsrl: mpsts spcls, mpst sbr prms d rsg, tss y prstcns ptrmnls d crctr pblc, mpst sbr bns nmbls, mpst d ctvdds cnmcs, mpst sbr trnsmsns ptrmnls y cts jrdcs dcmntds, mpst sbr l ptrmn, mpst sbr scsns y dncns.

<>mpsts spcls: nclyn mpsts sbr l lchl y bbds lchlcs, hdrcrbrs, lbrs d tbc, nrg lctrc y mds d trnsprt.

<>mpst sbr prms d sgr: s n mpst ndrct q s plc sbr l ttldd d l prm q stsfc l tmdr.

<>Tss y prstcns ptrmnls d crctr pblc: ls tss sn trbts d crctr blgtr plcd l sctr pblc. Ls prncpls tss sn: pr ttls prfsnls mrtms y d rcr, pr drchs d xmn, pr prtcpr n prbs fcls pr btnr ttls crtfcds…

<>mpst sbr bns nmbls: ld l prpdd d ls bns nmbls d ntrlz rbn y rstc.

<>mpst d ctvdds cnmcs: s mpst drct, d crctr rl, d ttlrdd mncpl, s blgtr, y d gstn cmprtd ntr l dmnstrcn dl std y ls yntmnts. S hch mpnbl s l jrcc n trrtr ncnl d ctvdds mprsrls, prfsnls rtstcs.

<>mpst sbr trnsmsns ptrmnls y cts jrdcs dcmntds: s n trbt ndrct q grv ls trnsmsns ptrmnls nrss, ls prcns sctrs y ls cts jrdcs dcmntds.

<>mpst sbr l ptrmn: s n mpst d crctr prsnl q grv l ptrmn nt d ls prsns fscs (bns y drchs).

<>mpst sbr scsns y dncns: s n mpst d ntrlz ndrct y sbjtv q grv ls ncrmnts ptrmnls btnds ttl lcrtv pr prsns fscs cnscnc n ttl scsr (hrnc, lgd) pr dncn.

Pr cnsgr ss bjtvs d rntbldd y sgrdd, l mprs db cncr s stcn, pr ll tlz ls cnts, n fncn d ls q s tmn dcsns.

L rntbldd n l mprs

Pr sbr l rntbldd d l mprs, s tlzn vrs crtrs: l rntbldd cnmc, l fnncr, y l rntbldd dl ccnst:

<>Rntbldd cnmc: xprs l cpcdd d n mprs pr prdcr cn l ctv q cntrl. st s, cnts rs gn pr cd r q tn.

<>Rntbldd fnncr d ls fnds prps: s n mdd dl rndmnt btnd pr ss cptls prps rfrd n prd d tmp dtrmnd, cn ndpndnc gnrlmnt d l dstrbcn dl rsltd.

<>Rntbldd dl ccnst: n st, s dstngn vrs crtrs: rntbldd sbr l dvdnd, PR (Prc-t-rnngs rt), l py-t.

nlss d l stcn cnmc-fnncr d l mprs

l nlss cnmc-fnncr pd llvrs cb d n md sttc (n n mmnt cncrt), d md dnmc ( l lrg dl tmp). n mbs mds, ls mtds ms tlzds sn ls bsds n ls rlcns ntr mgntds cntbls n frm d: dfrncs, prcntjs, ndcs y rts:

<>nlss pr dfrncs: s bs n n nlss dnmc pr cfrs bslts q nlz n prd cncrt ls ncsdds fnncrs y ls fnds ncsrs pr tndr ss ncsdds, pr ll s dnmn tmbn nlss pr fnts y mpls.

S dstngn vrs stcns: stcn d mxm stbldd fnncr, stcn fnncr nrml, nstbldd fnncr, qbr, y mxm nstbldd fnncr.

<>nlss pr prcntjs: st my rlcnd cn l ntrr, y ls hy d ds tps: ls prcntjs vrtcls, q dtrmn l prcntj d n lmnt sbms ptrmnl sbr l ttl d l ms ptrmnl; y ls prcntjs hrzntls, q cmprn l dt q s st nlznd n l mmnt ctl n bs n mmnt ntrr.

<>nlss pr ndcs: xprsn l vrcn q xprmnt n rlcn prmtr bjt d nlss rspct d n msm rlcn prmtr d rfrnc, dnmnd bs, n tr nstnt. s n rprsntcn d mdcns dnmcs.

<>Rts: s n rlcn pr ccnt d vlrs q tngn sgnfcd pr l mprs y q srvn pr mdr s stcn y l grd d gr d ls fnds nvrtds. Hy dvrss rts fnncrs, cn l q ctrms lgns d ls ms mprtnts:

<>Cfcnts d fnnccn: rt d grnt d dstnc l qbr, rt d grd d tnm, rt dl grd d dpndnc (cfcnt d fnnccn dl ctv n crrnt, rt d cnsstnc, rt d sldz, rt d cbrtr d psv).

<>Rt d nddmnt: rt d nddmnt ttl, rt d nddmnt crt plz (cfcnt d fnnccn dl ctv crrnt, cfcnt bsc d fnnccn rt d qlbr fnncr).

<>Rts d lqdz: rt d slvnc tcnc, ndc d lqdz (rt dl cfcnt cd, rt dl cptl crclnt sbr l psv crrnt).

<>Rts d ndpndnc y grnt fnncr: rt d tnm fnncr, rt d nddmnt lrg plz (rt d cldd d l dd, rt d ls cptls prmnnts).

<>Rts cnmcs: rtcn dl ctv crrnt y dl n crrnt (rtcn dl ctv).

<>Rts rlcnds cn l pnt mrt: ts d fcnc cmrcl (ts d bsrcn d ls csts fjs, ts d prtcpcn d ls csts fjs dl jrcc).

<>trs rts: rt d l fnnccn d ls nvrsns dl prd, rt d l rtcn d ls fnds prps (rt d l rtcn d ls cptls prmnnts, rt d l fnnccn dl nmvlzd).

<>Rts rlcnds cn ls bnfcs: rt d l sgrdd d ls csts vrbls, rt d l sgrdd d ls csts fjs. Dstc n st sntd, l prd md d mdrcn cnmc, q n l std d ls mtrs prms, fbrccn, prdcts trmnds, ntr trs.

Pr q n pryct d mprs s vbl, ncst d dspnr d ls mds fnncrs ncsrs (pln d fnnccn), pr sr nvrtds n rcrss mtrls (pln d nvrsn) q prmt dsrrllr ls prcns pr frcr ns prdcts y srvcs l mrcd (pln d ngrss y gsts y pln d mrktng) q gnrn ns fljs mntrs (pln d tsrr) q prmtn l mprsr btnr ns bnfcs q cmpnsn l sfrz y dnr nvrtds y l rsg smd.

l pln d vbldd cnmc y fnncr ncst, ps, d l stmcn n dvrss spcts: pln d nvrsn y fnnccn, prvsn d ngrss y gsts, prspst d tsrr, l pnt mrt, l prd md d mdrcn, y l rntbldd d l nvrsn.

<>Pln d nvrsn y fnnccn: nvrtr spn nmvlzr rcrss fnncrs pr gnrr fnds n l ftr. n st mbt s cnvnnt tnr n cnt: ls nvrsns rlzr y vlrcn d ls ctvs dqrr, ls rcrss fnncrs ncsrs, y l strctr d ss rcrss (rlcn d fnds prps y jns). n prgrm d nvrsns db rcgr ls ctvs ncsrs pr l rlzcn d ls prcns, s prc y l mmnt d dqscn.

<>Prvsn d ngrss y gsts: Ls stmcns d ngrss s bsn n ls prvsns d vnts y d prcs. st pd ddcrs dl ntrn y dl nlss dl mrcd y sctr. s vz, n dcd clsfccn d ls gsts prmt rlzr n nlss d ls csts ntrs d ls prdcts cn bjt d cncr ls mrgns d cd n y tmr dcsns d pscnmnt n mrcd nvrsns.

<>Prspst d tsrr: n st dcmnt, s rcgn ls prvsns d cbrs y pgs d l mprs (csh flw), srvnd pr nlzr ls psbls dsfss d tsrr y bscnd frms d fnnccn d ls msms (lbrcn mnsl).

<>l pnt mrt ( mbrl d rntbldd): ld l nmr d ndds q h d vndr l mprs pr n tnr bnfcs, n prdds. prtr d s pnt, cmnzr tnr bnfcs.

<>Prd md d mdrcn: s l tmp q trnscrr dsd q l mprs nvrt l prmr ndd mntr n l prcs prdctv hst q s rcprd n vz vndd l prdct srvc y s cbr. s cnvnnt cncrl pr plnfcr ls ncsdds d fnnccn crt plz y nlzr l fnd d l mnbr.

<>Rntbldd d l nvrsn: n st sntd, s nlz l vbldd d l nvrsn y s slccn l mjr ltrntv l rspct. Trdcnlmnt, hy trs mtds: py-bck, Vlr ctl nt (VN) y l Ts ntrn d Rntbldd (TR):

<>Py-bck ( prd d rcprcn): s l tmp q trd n rcprrs n nvrsn. st mtd md, pr tnt, l tmp q trd n rcprrs l nvrtd. Pr ll, s smn ls fnds q s gnrn cd ñ hst q s gln ls fnds cmprmtds.

<>Vlr ctl Nt (VN): s l vlr ctl d ls fljs d cj dscntd d l nvrsn ncl. myr VN, ms rntbldd d nvrsn.

<>Ts ntrn d Rntbldd (TR) ( ts ntrn d rtrn): md l ts d rndmnt q tn l nvrsn.

L nscrpcn s l ct dmnstrtv pr l q l Tsrr Gnrl d l Sgrdd Scl, rlz s nscrpcn n l msm, q sr vld drnt ss xstnc. S l sgnr n nmr nc pr s dntfccn y cntrl d ss blgcns dntr d l Sgrdd Scl. st nmr s cnsdrd cm prmr y prncpl Cdg d Cnt d Ctzcn.

Dch nscrpcn s rlzr prv l nc d ctvdd, n l Drccn Prvncl d l Tsrr Gnrl, hcnd cnstr l ntdd gstr l mt clbrdr cn l Sgrdd Scl pr l q s hy ptd pr prtgr ls cntngncs prfsnls, y n s cs, l prstcn cnmc pr ncpcd tmprl drvd d cntngncs cmns d prsnl ss srvc.

l plz pr cmndr tnt ls bjs y vrcns d dts d ls trbjdrs, cm ls vrcns d dts d l mprs y cs d ctvdd s d 3 ds ntrls.

l plz d cnsrvcn d l myr d ls jstfcnts rfrnts l Sgrdd Scl s d 4 ñs.

Tnt l scsn n l ttlrdd d l mprs cm n l ctvdd d s cntr d trbj dr lgr q n l Rgstr d mprsrs s tm rzn d l xtncn d l mprs, s cm d l nv nscrpcn y ntcn nmbr dl nv ttlr, s st n fgrs y nscrt.

Ls ctvdds ftrs q s vyn rlzr n l rgnzcn, cs d ls cmbs q s ntrdzcn n ls mrcds, n ls prdcts n l tcnlg, bsnds n ls bjtvs y plns strtgcs mprsrls, cnllvrn mdfccns n l cntnd d ls psts d trbj q frmn l rgnzcn.

s prcs rlzr n nlss prvsnl d ls ncsdds d prsnl prtr d sts nfrmcns.

n l rgnzcn s cnsttrn tds ls cmbs prvsts n rlcn cn:

1. Ls psts d trbj q s prv q dsprcrn , y n q mmnt s spn q crrr l dsprcn.

2. Ls nvs mpls q s crrn, ndcnd l mmnt n q cmnzrn xstr.

3. Ls mdfccns q sfrrn ls psts d trbj ctls y q s mntndrn n l rgnzcn, sñlnd l mmnt n q s ntrdcr cd n d ls mdfccns.

st spct s spclmnt mprtnt n n mmnt cm l ctl, n l q s vrddrmnt dfcl prvr cn l sfcnt sgrdd ls dvrss cmbs tcnlgcs, cnmcs, lgls sccltrls, q s vn prdcr «d n d pr tr».

L dscrpcn prvsnl d ls psts d trbj, rcg tds ls dscrpcns d ls dfrnts psts-tp xstnts n l msm. Pr lbrrl, s dbr str n cndcns d xplcr:
- Q s hc n cd pst d trbj.
- Pr q s hc.
- Cm s hc.
- Dnd s llv cb.
- n q cndcns s rlz.
- Q rspnsbldds mplc.

n sstm s n cnjnt d rgls prncps sbr n mtr rldd nlzds ntr s, q cntrbyn rdndmnt n dtrmnd fn . n nstr cs ss rgls prncps s rfrn ls rlcns d n ndvd cn ls dms.

Drnt mch tmp s cnsdr ls pqñs grps cm sstms crrds (s dcr cm cnjnts d prsns q ntrctn dntr d ls msms y fncnnd sgn ss prps nrms).

Pr D. C. Dnphy, q hy prdmnd l vsn d ls pqñs grps cm sstms crrds, bdc l fccn cntfc d hbr sd ms frcnts ls stds d crctr xprmntl, llvds cb n ls lbrtrs .

Pr l, s ndspnsbl cnsdrr ls grps cm sstms brts. Sñlnd q ls grps n s lmtn ntrctr cn l xtrr sn q stblcn tntcs ntrcmbs ntr mbs, n snd sts qvlnts. Pr tr prt, ndc q l dstncn ntr grp y ntrn hy d dfrnc d grd, d tl frm q l grp mntng s dntdd y l msm tmp, h d sr l sfcntmnt prmbl pr q pd sbsstr, st s, q ps l flxbldd ncsr pr q s d l trnsccn d nrg, rcrss y prdcts cn l mbnt .

Ls tps ncsrs pr l dsrrll d n rnn fcz sn:

. Plnfccn.

stblcr ns bjtvs: hn d sr clrs, jrrqcs y str n cncmnt dl sstnt.

Dcdr s hcr n l rnn: nlss d ss vntjs ncnvnnts.

b. Prprcn.

rdn dl d.

n l dtllrms ls tms q s trtrn.

nvtr pnnts, s s prcs.

Rcplcn d nfrmcn.

Slccn dl lgr d rnn.

Cncrtr l drcn.

c. jccn.

Rprtr l rdn dl d.

Dstrbr crrctmnt ls snts.

Prsntr ls prtcpnts.

stblcr y cmncr ls rgls.

Pnr sbr l ms ls dts ds nts d vlrls.

Prcrr q l rnn n dcg.

xgr cnclsns.

d. Rsmn, rgstr y vlcn:Trs fnlzr l rnn, hbr q vlr l msm, cmprbnd q s hn cmpld ls bjtvs n.

Hy q vlrr n sr d fctrs l hr d plntrs n rnn cm sn:

. Rcrss cnmcs:q gsts s stmn y d dnd s v btnr l dnr pr sfrgrls.

b. Rcrss hmns.

S rqr n qp d prsns rspnsbls cm pdn sr:

Drctr: brr l rnn, prsntr ls dvrss pnnts y ls tms, cncdr ls trns d plbr, rcndcr l rnn cnd s slg dl tm sncl y l crrr.

Scrtr: djr cnstnc d l scdd, d ls dbts y dfrnts pstrs, d ls sstnts cd ssn y d ls cnclsns.

xst tr grp d prsns q frmrn n rnn. Sn ls xprts n l mtr trtr.

c. Rcrss tcncs:S sn ncsrs mds dvsls.

. Lgr d l rnn. S lg n fncn dl nmr d prsns q st prvst q sst l rnn.

f. Cmprtmnt y crctr d ls prtcpnts n n rnn.Ls rspnsbls d rgnzr rnns dbrn tnr prsnt ls rsgs d l prsnldd d ls sjts q vyn prtcpr n l msm.

Ls ncsdds pdn sr my vrds y cd prsn pd ncstr stsfcr ns trs. Ls mtvs psn tnm fncnl, pdn srgr pr stsfcr tr ncsdd, pr pdn fncnr tnmmnt y sgr jctnd l cndct q n n prncp r mtvd pr lg. Cnd s rcmpns n cndct, st pd sr grbd n l sjt y sgr hcndl pr trcmpnsrs, nq n rcb nngn prm xtrn. Hy n sr spcts q fctn l mtvcn lbrl: l slr, ls cndcns n l trbj, l clm d trbj, l mplzmnt d cntrl, ntr trs.

l slr

S cnsdr q l slr s l prncpl fctr mtvdr n l mbt lbrl. xstn dvrss sstms pr clclr ls rtrbcns bsds n l ctgr n l rndmnt, nq tmbn pdn cntmplrs cmplmnts cm: sstnc, pntldd, cldd dl trbj, hrr d mtrls…

l cncpt d rcmpnss ttls ld l sm d ls rcmpnss xtrnscs (cm l slr, pgs xtrs, yds d std) y ls rcmpnss ntrnscs (trrlzcn, mstd, rlcns scls…). n mpld pd cñrs ns trs rcmpnss cmbnrls y cmplmntrls.

Ls cndcns lbrls

Ls cndcns lbrls nclyn cndcns fscs bjtvs d trbj cm: rgnm y dsñ d psts d trbj, y sgrdd hgn n l trbj. lgns cndcns q fctn l dsmpñ lbrl sn: l ftg psclgc, l mntn y l strs.

<>Ftg psclgc: s l sntmnt d str cnsd mntlmnt, prdcnd dsmncn d l mtvcn y mnt d rrrs.

<>Mntn: s h dmstrd q l brrmnt s l fct psclgc d l mntn y prdc frstrcn y rsg d cnflct.

<>strs: n sfrz psqc cntnd pd prdcr strs n clqr prsn.

l clm lbrl

l clm lbrl s l sm d stsfccns nstsfccns q ls ndvds xprmntn n s grd d prtcpcn n n rgnzcn. L stsfccn st dtrmnd pr l sntmnt d prtnnc l rgnzcn cm tl y l grp d trbj cn l q dsrrll s tr. Ls fctrs q dtrmnn n clm lbrl pstv sn:

<>Sntmnt d flcdd: l sntmnt d flcdd s tn n l ncntrrs gst cn rspct n grp d prsns.

<>Bn jst prsnl: rspndnd rznblmnt ls stmls sn xcdrs n ls rspsts.

<>Sntmnt d prtcpcn n l trbj: tnnds n cnt ls pnns, nq s cptn n.

<>snc d cnflcts: cnd xst trnqldd, s prcb sgrdd.

l clm lbrl pstv sl prdcr n dntfccn cn l mprs, stsfccn n l trbj, bns rlcns cn ls cmpñrs, y ds d prmncr n l mprs.

L prdctvdd y fcnc d n mprs stn rlcnds cn l clm lbrl q tngn. Pr sr fcnt, db hbr n clm pstv, cncdnd ls bjtvs d cd trbjdr cn ls d l mprs y q sts stsfgn ls ncsdds d ls trbjdrs.

l mplzmnt d cntrl lcs cntrl

l hr d mtvr n mprs, n fctr nflynt s l lgr n q clc l cntrl d s cndct y d ss rsltds. l mplzmnt d cntrl (lcs cntrl) s l sgncn d rspnsbldd q rlz n prsn rspct s cndct rsltds. n prsn pd sr d cntrl ntrn d cntrl xtrn:

<>Cntrl ntrn: s sm td l rspnsbldd d ss ccns y s bs n ss cpcdds y rcrss pr lgrr ss mts.

<>Cntrl xtrn: s l rspnsbldd d l q crr l prcb fr d l y s bs n ls cpcdds y rcrss dl xtrr pr lgrr ss mts.

<>Cntrl dl: s l rspnsbldd d l crrd l prcb rprtd ntr l y l ntrn y s bs n ls cpcdds y rcrss d s msm y dl xtrr.

l Drch dl Trbj h lgrd n tnm pln, pr ds mtvs:

Tn pr bjt n mtr scl rlvnt pr xgr n Drch prp.

st mtr s hll smtd n sstm nrmtv cn prncps spcfcs nsttcns dptds s fnldd.

L ntrlz dl Drch Lbrl (l prtccn d ls trbjdrs slrds) h dtrmnd l prcn d nvs prncps jrdcs d rdncn jrrqc, plccn ntrprtcn y nvs fnts spcfcs, dstnts ls trdcnls dl Drch Cvl y l rst d ls rms jrdcs.

md d rsmn y cncls&ct;n:

- Ls rdnmnts Jr&ct;dcs ctls st&ct;n ntgrds pr nrmtv d crc&ct;n ntrn y nrmtv ntrncnl. Ls rlcns jr&ct;dcs lbrls st&ct;n fctds pr mbs nrms.

- L h sd dtd pr ls stds mmbrs d pdr lgsltv. Prt d s nrmtv st&ct; dtd d plcbldd drct y fct drct.

- L T h cnsgd l mjr d ls cndcns lbrls d ls trbjdrs. Ls crcnstncs hst&ct;rcs vn plntnd l T nvs rts n l dfns d ls trbjdrs.

 

< hrf="http://brnngthtwrs.cm/p/tmr_pdf/fl_pbl/Rsmns/TM%2022%20PSCNS%20FL.pdf">http://brnngthtwrs.cm/p/tmr_pdf/fl_pbl/Rsmns/TM%2022%20PSCNS%20FL.pdf

 

l fncnmnt dl mrcd lbrl ctl h stblcd mdds pr cntrbr l cmpttvdd d ls mprss, l mjr dl mpl y l rdccn d l tmprldd y rtcn dl msm. L nrmtv vgnt tn cm bjtvs:

- Ptncr l cntrtcn ndfnd.

- Fvrcr l nsrcn lbrl y l frmcn tcnc-prctc d ls jvns.

- spcfcr y dlmtr ls spsts d tlzcn d l cntrtcn lbrl tmprl.

- Prprcnr myr prtgnsm l ngccn clctv n l cntrtcn (sbr td n ls cntrts d frmcn y tmprls csls).

- S mntnn ls prncps d csldd dl dspd y d cntrl jdcl.

L dmnstrcn lbrl prtnd grntzr l nrml dsnvlvmnt d ls rlcns lbrls, d l Jrsdccn lbrl nsttd pr rslvr ls cnflcts lbrls, tnt ndvdls cm clctvs, smpr q frcsn trs prcdmnts xtrjdcls, cm l ngccn, cnclcn l mdcn.

ctlmnt, cntrtr nvs trbjdrs s n rsg pr l mprsr. Pd pctrs n prd d prb n l q, s n d ls prts n st stsfch cn s trbj, pdn crtr l rlcn lbrl sn nngn prblm, n ndmnzcns d pr md. Drnt s prd d prb, l trbjdr gzr d ls msms drchs q clqr tr mpld. Ls crctrstcs dl prd d prb sn:

- Pd cncrtrs pr scrt, sjt lmts d drcn q s stblzcn n ls Cnvns Clctvs. S y s h dsmpñd n prd d prb n l mprs y qr rlzrs tr, st sr nl.

- Drnt l prd d prb, l trbjdr tn ls msms drchs y blgcns q l rst d l plntll, xcpt ls drvds d l rslcn d l rlcn lbrl.

- Trnscrrd l prd d pr sn dsstmnt, l cntrt prdcr plns fcts, cmptnds l tmp d ls srvcs prstds n ntgdd dl trbjdr n l mprs.

- Ls stcns d ncpcdd tmprl, mtrndd, dpcn cgmnt q fctn l trbjdr drnt l prd d prb ntrrmpn l cmpt dl msm smpr q mbs prts l crdn.

Cncpt y cnsttcn

Ls mprss d trbj tmprl (TT) pnn dspscn d tr mprs sr, d crctr tmprl, trbjdrs cntrtds pr l prmr. L TT db cntr cn n mnm d 12 trbjdrs cntrtds, tmp cmplt prcl, pr cd 1000 trbjdrs cntrtds n l ñ ntrr.

Rlcns cn l mprs sr y ls trbjdrs

L csn tmprl d trbjdrs d l TT l mprs sr s rlz mdnt n cntrt pr scrt n mdl fcl y pr dplcd, snd cmncd l SP. s cntrt pd cncrtrs pr l rlzcn d n br srvc, pr tndr xgncs crcnstncls d mrcd, pr ssttr trbjdrs, tc. Ls trbjdrs cntrtds s rgrn pr l nrmtv gnrl.

mprs sr y trbjdrs cdds

L mprs sr rspndr d ls blgcns slrls y d SS dl trbjdr drnt l vgnc dl cntrt. l trbjdr tndr drch sr d ls srvcs cmns nstlcns clctvs d l mprs sr drnt l vgnc dl cntrt.

L mprs sr dbr dvrtr sbr l xstnc d psts vcnts, sbr ls snts rlcnds n mtr d sgrdd hgn, y dbrn plcrsls ls trbjdrs cntrtds ls msms drchs y dspscns lgls q ls d l prp mprs (cm bj drnt l prd d mtrndd).

n l mbt lbrl, ls drchs dl trbjdr dbn cnjgrs cn ls dbrs prps d l rlcn lbrl y cn ls drchs ntrss lgtms d l mprs (cm l drch l lbrtd d mprs), dl q s drvn fcltds d rgnzcn y drccn dl trbj pr prt dl mprsr. Ls pdrs mprsrls pnn d mnfst q n xst n gldd bslt ntr ls pscns jrdcs d mprsr y trbjdr. Pr tr prt, l ncsdd d lcnzr n myr flxbldd n l tlzn d l frz d trbj y d lgrr q l clsfccn prfsnl s ms crd cn ls nvs prcss d prdccn, h dtrmnd q l nv rglcn d st mtr s ncmnd l ngccn clctv. n rlcn l prstcn lbrl, ss nrms rgldrs ldn s cntnd y xtnsn tmprl, y l md n q db sr rlzd, l q s mprtnt pr l cmplmnt d ls dbrs dl trbjdr.

Fndmnt

L ncsdd d q ls trbjdrs tngn tmp d c s n ncsdd pscfsc ncsr pr rzns scls y cnmcs. S db grntzr l dscns mdnt l lmtcn d l jrnd lbrl y ls vccns.

Rgmn jrdc

Pr grntzr ls dscnss, hy n rgmn jrdc gnrl, y rgmns spcls.

<>Rgmn jrdc gnrl: ncld n l TRT (rt. 37.1), s cnsdr q l trbjdr tn drch n dscns mnm smnl. Pr ls myrs d 18 ñs, sr d n d y md nntrrmpd cmlbl pr prds d hst 14 ds. Pr ls mnrs d 18 ñs, sr d l mns ds ds nntrrmpds, n snd psbl s cmlcn.

l dscns smnl s rrnncbl y rtrbd. Cnd n s pd dsfrtr dl dscns, l trbjdr tndr drch n cmpnscn cnmc (nrmlmnt stblcd pr l ngccn clctv y rcbd n l xtncn dl cntrt).

<>Rgmns spcls: Cn rspct ls jrnds spcls, s rdccn rdn cmpnsr l trbj cn dscnss ltrntvs cmlbls pr prds ms mpls pr ls clctvs cn jrnds spcls (trbjdrs dl cmp, hstlr, cmrc…). (Tmbn xstn nrms spcls pr trbjdrs cn cntrts spcls, cm ls mplds dl hgr, ntr trs.)

Dsd n pnt d vst jrdc, xst n qvlnc ntr ls prstcns d mbs prts, snd l slr l prstcn crrltv l trbj. l slr cmpl l fncn scl d sgrr l sbsstnc dl trbjdr, l q srv d jstfccn l ntrvncn sttl n s rglcn bsc, n l fjcn dl SM y n l rtclcn d mdds prtctrs y grnts slrls.

L prtcpcn ms drct d ls trbjdrs n l mprs s prdc mdnt l v sndcl y l rprsntcn ntr xtrsndcl. L rprsntcn ntr d ls trbjdrs st nfld pr ls sndcts, q prmvn ls lccns, pdn tnr ntrvntrs n ls mss lctrls, prsntr ss lsts lctrls y cnsgr s grd d rprsnttvdd.

l sstm d cmptncs y grnts stblcd pr ls rprsntnts d ls trbjdrs prmt prtgrls d l njrnc mprsrl d dscrmncns, cnvrtnds n n mcnsm d prtccn d tds ls trbjdrs qns rprsntn.

L ttl d l lbrtd sndcl s h rgld n l T, q dspn d prcdmnts pr l cntrl d l lbrtd sndcl.

Prtccn jrsdccnl

L LLS rgl l sstm d ttl d l lbrtd sndcl. L lbrtd sndcl s n Drch Fndmntl q gz d n prtccn mxm q prmt dfndrs d l grsn dl msm trvs ncs dl Rcrs d mpr. n l v pnl, ls cndcts ntsndcls hn sd tpfcds cn cstgds cn pns d prsn.

Prtccn dmnstrtv

Ls cndcts stn tpfcds n l Ly sbr nfrccns y Sncns n l rdn Scl (LSS) q sn sncnbls prpst d l nspccn d Trbj y SS pr l dmnstrcn dl std ls CC cmptnts.

Sn nfrccns grvs ls sgnts:

Trnsgrsn (vlcn) d ls drchs d ls rprsntnts d ls trbjdrs y ls sccns sndcls n ls trmns lgls cnvncnls stblcds, n mtr d crdt d hrs rtrbds, lcls, tblns d nncs sgn l stblcd. Vlnrcn d ls drchs d ls sccns sndcls n rdn l rcdcn d cts, y dstrbcn y rcpcn d nfrmcn sndcl n ls trmns lgls cnvncnls stblcds.

Sn nfrccns my grvs ls sgnts:

Ls ccns msns q mpdn l drch rnrs. Vlnrr l drch d sstnc ls cntrs d trbj d qns stntn crgs lctvs. Trnsgrsn d ls dbrs d clbrcn d ls prcss lctrls. Trnsgrsn d ls clsls nrmtvs sbr mtr sndcl dspst. L ngtv dl mprsr l rprtr dl cntr d trbj n l plz stblcd. cts dl mprsr q cnsstn n l ssttcn d ls trbjdrs n hlg pr trs n vnclds l mprs l tmp d s jrcc.

l prncp d lbrtd d cntrtcn ngcl ndc q ls prts pdn ngcr lbrmnt l cntnd blgcnl y nrmtv dl CC. l blgcnl ld l rglcn d ls rlcns ntr ls prts q frmn l cnvn; l nrmtv ld ls rlcns ndvdls d trbj.

l cnvn hbr d xprsr:

L dtrmncn d ls prts q l cncrtn. l mbt prsnl, fncnl, trrtrl y tmprl dl CC. Ls cndcns y prcdmnts pr slvntr ls dscrpncs q pdn srgr pr l n plccn d ls cndcns lbrls ls sgnts spcts: jrnd d trbj, hrr y dstrbcn dl tmp lbrl, rgmn d trbj trns, rmnrcn y cnt slrl, fncns, y mjrs vlntrs d l ccn prtctr d l SS. L frm y cndcns d dnnc dl cnvn y l plz mnm d prvs pr l msm. Dsgncn d n cmsn prtr q rprsntr ls prts pr ntndr d ls cstns q l sn trbds (j: l ntrprtcn dl CC).

l cntnd dl cnvn dbr rsptr ls lys, ls mxms y mnms d drch ncsr, y l ntrs d trcrs fctds pr l msm.

L sspnsn dl CT s n cs tmprl d ls blgcns bscs d mbs prts d l rlcn lbrl. Ls crctrstcs d l sspnsn dl CT sn:

L sspnsn n s rtrbd, nq s mntn l cmpt d ntgdd, y s lqdn ls pgs xtrrdnrs, y s tn drch l rsrv dl pst d trbj. nq st sspndd l CT, pdn hbr lgns dbrs (grdr scrt), y pdn drs css d xtncn d CT. l trbjdr tn drch prtcpr n cncrss d trsld n prbs d scns, y pd sgr jrcnd l lbrtd sndcl y rprsntcn n l mprs. n mtr d SS, dpnd, vcs s mntn n lt y ctzr, y vcs, n.

Ls css lgls pr l sspnsn dl CT s ncntrn n l T (rt. 45) y pdn grprs n: sspnsns dpndnts d l vlntd dl trbjdr, sspnsns pr css dpndnts d l vlntd dl mprsr, sspnsns pr vlntd d mbs prts, y sspnsns ndpndnts d l vlntd d ls prts.

Sspnsns dpndnts d l vlntd dl trbjdr: Hy vrs:

xcdnts frzss: cnd s sspnd l CT pr mpsbldd d sstr l trbj pr l jrcc d n crg pblc, dsgncn lccn, sndcl. l prms d frmcn y prfccnmnt prfsnl cn rsrv dl pst d trbj. Cs d mtrndd, dpcn cgmnt: l drch s rcnc n sl prgntr s mbs trbjn, tnnd l mdr 6 smns blgtrs, y ls 10 rstnts pdr rprtrs ntr mbs (s l hj mr hy brt, sg tnnd ss 6 smns d dscns). Cs d ptrndd: l pdr tn drch 13 ds ntrls nntrrmpds, mplbls n 2 ds pr prt mltpl. S tn n dscndnt cn dscpcdd cn grd gl sprr 33%, 20 ds ntrls. Hlg lct: s n cs d xtncn d CT d ntrlz clctv. xcdnc vlntr: sl pd sr slctd tnnd 1 ñ d ntgdd n l mprs cn n drcn d 4 mss-5 ñs, sn tnr q xpnr css (s l trbjdr n s ncrpr pstrrmnt, l cntrt s xtng). xcdnc pr l cdd d hjs: pd sr slctd pr n d ls cnygs s mbs trbjn, tnnd n prd cmptbl fcts d ntgdd (tnnd drch l rsrv dl pst d trbj drnt l prmr ñ, 15 mss ms s tn fml nmrs d crctr gnrl, y 18 s s d crctr spcl). xcdnc pr tndr l cdd d n fmlr, hst l 2º grd d cnsngndd pr n pdr vlrs pr s msm. Drcn nfrr 2 ñs. Tn l msm drch rsrv dl pst d trbj q n l cs d xcdnc pr cdd d hjs.

Sspnsn pr css dpndnts d l vlntd dl mprsr: Hy vrs:

Sspnsn dscplnr d mpl y sld: cn l q s sncn ls flts grvs y my grvs, dpndnd s drcn d l grvdd d l flt. l crr ptrnl lgl. Sspnsn dl CT pr prmcn dl trbjdr fncns d lt drccn. Sspnsn dl CT pr rzns d prfccnmnt prfsnl dl trbjdr.

Sspnsns pr vlntd d mbs prts: xstn:

Pr mt crd y pr css cnsgnds n l cntrt. Pr lctnc d n hj mnr d 9 mss, cn drch 1h d snc n l trbj, q pdrn cmlrs n jrnds cmplts.

Sspnsns ndpndnts d l vlntd d ls prts: xstn dvrss:

Sspnsn pr prt dl mprsr pr css cnmcs, tcncs, rgnztvs d prdccn: cnd l mprs tng rsltds ngtvs, cnd hyn cmbs n ls sstms y mtds d trbj, ntr trs. Pr cs drvd d frz myr l CT pdr sr sspndd. Prvcn d lbrtd dl trbjdr: smpr q s cmnq l mprsr y n xst sntnc cndntr, pdnd rncrprrs s pst s rc sntnc bsltr. ncpcdd tmprl: d n trbjdr pr nfrmdd ccdnt. n vz dd d lt, pd rncrprrs, s n l hc, s xtng l cntrt. Rsg drnt l mbrz: d l mjr trbjdr. S hy rsg jstfcd l rspct (n vrs q fct l ft,) pd sspndrs l CT. Rsg drnt l lctnc ntrl (hst q l bb cmpl 9 mss). Ls vctms d vlnc d gnr (sspnsn d 6 mss cm mxm). Rdccn d l jrnd slctd pr ls prgntrs pr l cdd dl mnr s crg fctd pr cncr tr nfrmdd grv.

l dspd db sr cmncd l trbjdr pr scrt, fgrnd ls css y fch dl msm. l mprsr dbr nfrmr d l mdd dptd l Cmt d mprs s s trt d n nfrccn my grv. Nrmlmnt, l dspd sl sr cmncd n s dmcl n l cntr d trbj. Sl pdr dspdrs l trbjdr cnd l flt cmtd n hy prscrt (flts lvs 10 ds, flts grvs 20, flts my grvs 60 ds).

L dstncn ntr cnflcts d trbjs ndvdls y clctvs s mprtnt y ss fcts trscndn ls frms d xtrrzcn y ls prcdmnts d slcn. Ls cnflcts clctvs llvn l blgcn d llgr n crd.

L ntncn dl lgsldr s rslvr ls dfrncs mdnt prcdmnts ms flxbls y mns slmns q ls slcns d crctr prcsl. L spcldd d ls nrms lbrls s v rfljd tmbn n ls nsttts prcsls.

L rcnt rfrm prcsl mntn ls prncps y strctr d s ntcsr, snd ss prncpls prtcns: l dlmtcn dl mbt cmptncl dl rdn scl, l dptcn ls rcnts rfrms prdcds n l drch sstntv cn l ntrdccn d l fgr dl trbjdr tnm dpndnt, l ptnccn d ls fcltds dl Scrtr Jdcl y ls prcss tlmtcs pr glzr ls prcss.

flcn: s n ct frml cn l q s prdc l ncrprcn dl trbjdr l Sstm d l Sgrdd Scl. cd trbjdr s l fcltr n nmr d flcn vtlc.

lt dl trbjdr: s n ct frml d nclsn dl sjt n l Rgmn Gnrld l Sgrdd Scl n ls spcls, cn l q nc l blgcn d ctzr. n ls dcmnts d lt fgrr:

Pr prt dl mprsr: nmbr rzn scl, l cdg d cnt d ctzcn y rgmn d SS plcbl. Pr prt dl trbjdr: s nmbr cmplt, s nmr d Sgrdd Scl, s DN, dmcl, fch d nccn d l ctvdd, grp d ctzcn y cpcn dsmpñd.

Bj dl trbjdr: s l ct frml pr l q cs l blgcn d ctzr. Tn lgr cnd l trbjdr cs n l mprs.

S n s cmpl cn ls blgcns, pd nstrs drctmnt s flcn lt bj sn prjc d q s hgn fctvs ls rspnsbldds n q hbr ncrrd, ncld l pg d ls prstcns ls q pdrn tnr drch.

n lgns css d sspnsn xtncn dl Cntrt d Trbj, s dmt q l trbjdr sg bj prtccn dl sstm d l Sgrdd Scl, sts s ls llm stcns smlds l lt.

n l dsrrll d l ctvdd cnmc nflyn mchs vrbls, n d lls s l pblcn. Sbr st s hn stblcd mchs trs. Thms Mlths frm q l crcmnt d l pblcn rspnd n prgrsn gmtrc, y l d ls lmnts n prgrsn rtmtc. Ss ds tvrn grn nflnc, pr trs ms mdrns s bsn n stdstc.

Cn ll, s h dmstrd q n ls pss ms vnzds ls tss d ntldd hn dsmnd y l nvl n frmcn h hch q mnt l cpcdd prdctv (ynd n cntr d l q frmb Mlths). D l msm frm, s hn pdd xpltr rcrss q nts rn mpnsbls.

n trmns cnmcs, l pblcn rlz ds fncns: cnsm bns y srvcs pr stsfcr ss ncsdds, y cntrby l prdccn d ss bns y srvcs. sts fncns stn dtrmnds pr dvrss fctrs:

l nmr: ms pblcn, ms prdccn d bns. mns pblcn, ms dsmncn dl nvl prdctv. L strctr d l prmd pblcnl: ndc l dstrbcn d l pblcn pr dds. s mprtnt cncr ls tss d ctvdd y dsmpl n s sntd. L clfccn d l pblcn: nfly n l cpcdd pr gnrr rqz. l dsrrll tcnlgc: cndcnd y cndcn l nvl d frmcn. l nvl cltrl: nfly n l cntrl d l pblcn. trs fctrs: cm ls crncs, ls cstmbrs, nvls d rnt…

n l cnm, hy trs sctrs cnmcs: prmr, scndr y trcr.

Sctr prmr: cmprnd sctrs xtrctvs, qlls n ls q s btn l bn prcdnt d l ntrlz (grcltr, gndr). Sctr scndr: cmprnd l sctr d trnsfrmcn ndstrl, n l q s trnsfrmn ls prdcts btnds pr l sctr prmr pr stsfcr ls ncsdds hmns. Sctr trcr: s l sctr srvcs, ncly ctvdds pr mntnr ls trs sctrs y stsfcr dvrss dmnds (trnsprt, dccn, sndd).

l hblr d sctrs cnmcs, l cntbldd ncnl ld ls sctrs d l ctvdd cnmc pr prcsr l mprtnc d cd n n l cnm dl ps y cm nfly cd sctr n ls trs. L ms crctrstc n st sntd n l CC d ndlc s:

Ps dcrcnt dl sctr prmr dntr dl Vlr grgd Brt (VB). L cnstrccn tn n ps xcsv, snd l prncpl rspnsbl dl VB ndlz. ndlc s l CC cn myr nmr d fncnrs d spñ y cn grn mprtnc dl trsm n l sctr srvcs. Hy n cs stncmnt d l ndstr.

md d rsmn, pd dcrs q:

l std dl fncnmnt dl mrcd prmt cncr cls sn ls rgls ntrns y xtrns q l rgln y stblcr hptss dl cmprtmnt ftr. frt y dmnd ctn n n mrcd cd vz ms cmplj, pr l q l mdcn d ss rccn y cmprtmnts s ncsrs pr ls q dpndn d l mrch d ss mrcds (mprss, ntrmdrs, nvrsrs…). Hy q tnr n cnt q l stcn d frt y dmnd cmb cnstntmnt, ps smpr hy fctrs q jgn n n sntd tr.

Hy trs mtds pr clclr l rnt ncnl (RN):

Pr l mtd d ls rnts pgds ngrss prcbds: s rlzr tnnd n cnt ls rnts prcbds pr ls nts scls q ntgrn l clctvdd. RN= slrs + ntrss + lqlrs + bnfcs. trvs d l prdccn: cnsst n stmr l prdccn nt pr grps d ctvdds cnmcs pr ls tps d prdcts, srvcs y bns fbrcds. trvs dl gst: s clcl mdnt l cntblzcn d ls dqscns rlzds cn ls cntdds prcbds pr cd n d ls ndds cnmcs. st cmpst pr ls gsts d cnsm y l hrr.

L pltc mntr s l cnjnt d mdds jctds pr l Bnc Cntrl pr cntrlr y drgr ls mgntds mntrs dl sstm cnmc n fncn d ls bjtvs d qlbr ntrn y xtrn (prcs, mpls, crcmnt…).

(n mchs pss, n l ctldd, l strtg d pltc mntr s bs n l sgmnt ms drct d l nflcn, sgnd ls vrbls d l cyntr cnmc, ls vrbls rlcnds cn ls xpcttvs, y ls rfrncs d pltc mntr lrg plz.)

Pr cnsgr tls bjtvs, s ncstn ns nstrmnts. Ls ms crctrstcs sn ls sgnts:

Pltc d rsrvs mnms: mdnt cfcnts d ls cfcnts lgls d cj. prcns d mrcd brt: sln lmtrs l cmpr y vnt d vlrs, sbr td fnds pblcs pr l bnc cntrl, pr nflr sbr l frt mntr xstnt. Tp d dscnt y crdts ls ntdds bncrs: l bnc cntrl cpt ls ltrs d ls ntdds bncds n tp d ntrs.

Ls mcnsms trvs d ls q ctn sts nstrmnts sn:

Tps d ntrs: fct l gst prvd (cnsm nvrsn) y l rnt dspnbl. Cmbs n l rqz dl sctr prvd: cmbs drcts (cntdd d ls ctvs n crclcn) ndrct (pr l tp d ntrs pr ls prcs). Crdts: nt cmbs n l pltc mntr, ls dcsns dl sctr bncr fctn ls plns d gst d ls dms gnts cnmcs y l nvl d ctvdd d l cnm. xpcttvs q s prvcn ls gnts cnmcs cnscnc d ls dcsns dl bnc cntrl. Tps d cmb: tn mprtnc pr l glblzcn d l cnm.

l mnj d ls fnnzs n n mprs s lg fndmntl. Ls rsltds mprsrls n sl dpndn d vndr n prdct srvc trctv n l mrcd, sn tmbn d mnjr l hbldd cn l q sts sn vndds, y sbr dptr dcsns q mnmcn ls csts l mxm psbl, tnnd n bn plnfccn l rspct.

l cmp d ls fnnzs frc nstrmnts pr stdr l stcn d l mprs, ydnd dsmnr rsgs n stcns dnd xst n grn ncrtdmbr cn rspct l vlcn d lgns vrbls (nflcn, ntrss…).

L dlgcn s l prcs n l q ls drctvs sgnn trs ss sbrdnds, trgndls trdd y rspnsbldd pr ll. L dlgcn tn vrs prncps: db sr ntgr (fctr td l tr pr cmplr l bjtv), clr (dfnd y cmprndd), y sfcnt (s h d dr l trdd ncsr pr pdr rlzr l tr).

n td dlgcn, s db nlzr l trbj pr dtrmnr l q s pd y db dlgrs, y l q n:

<>L q n pd dlgrs: n s pd dlgr l fncn d mnd dl jf, n plnfcr ls bjtvs pltcs, prcdmnts y prgrms d s nvl, n stblcr nrms, mdds d trbjs, nlzr ls rsltds, n dptr mdds d crrccn.

<>L q s pd dlgr: s pdn dlgr ls snts q cncrnn n sl lmnt dl sbrdnd, y dbn dlgrs ls prts dl trbj q n st mns cpctd pr rlzr y pnrl n mns d lgn q s l st.

n n mprs, l cnflct pd drs ntr prsns dl msm nvl d dstnts nvls (ntr drctvs-drctvs, ntr mplds-mplds, ntr drctvs-mplds). l cnflct pd dfnrs d frm gnrl cm dscrds ntr prsns dntr d n msm prsn.

Css d ls cnflcts

Ls cnflcts pdn prdcrs nvl ndvdl clctv. nvl ndvdl, ls cnflcts pdn srgr pr n cntrdccn ntr ls mtvcns dl ndvd. S dstngn vrs tps d cnflcts:

<>Cnflct d trccn-trccn: n st cs, l prsn s snt trd pr ds bjtvs y l cst dcdrs.

<>Cnflct d rplsn-rplsn: l prsn snt rplsn pr ds bjtvs stcns y l cst dcdrs pr n.

<>Cnflct trccn-rplsn: l prsn s ncntr n n stcn q l tr y dsgrd l vz.

<>Dbl cnflct trccn-rplsn: l sjt s snt trd l vz pr ds bjtvs q cntnn spcts pstvs y ngtvs.

nvl grpl, ls cnflcts pdn srgr pr dfrncs ntr ds ms mmbrs. s, n mprs pd dsr ds bjtvs cntrpsts, pd tnr ds stcns dfcls d slcnr, ntr trs, d frm q n mpld pd tnr ns bjtvs my dstnts ls q tn l mprs. l trtrsm xcsv pd sr prcbd cm n grsn y prvcr n cnflct.

Ls cnflcts pdn srgr pr dfrncs d nfrmcn, dfrncs d crncs, vlrs, ntrss, scsz d lgn rcrs (dnr, tmp, spc…), rvldd prsnl, cmpttvdd, ntr trs.

(L cmpttvdd sl prdcr: scsz d cmnccn y cnfnz, mnt d ls psbldds d rrr n l prcpcn dl tr, ntnt d mnmzr l pdr d l tr prt, mnmzcn d ls smltds y nrms d cndct pr l tr prt.)

Pr s ld, tmbn pd prcr n sntmnt d frstrcn n st sntd. Ést s l sntmnt d ncpcdd y dsmncn d l tstm pr n bstcl q ns mpd lcnzr n bjtv. Pd crrr nvl grpl ndvdl. Cnd s prdc n stcn frstrnt, pd rccnrs d vrs frms:

<>D frm prsvrnt: ntntnd sprr l bstcl cm s.

<>D frm sstttv: cnd cmbms l bjtv ncl pr tr ms sqbl.

<>D frm grsv: n cs n sr cpcs d tlzr nngn d ls rccns ntrrs, s prdcr n grsn q pd r drgd cntr n msm (clpblznds d l ncpcdd d sprr l bstcl), cntr ls dms (chnd ls clps ls dms d hbr rgnd l bstcl).

Tps d cnflct

Ls cnflcts s clsfcn tndnd dvrss fctrs: n fncn d ls cntrrs, n fncn d s mnfstcn, n fncn d ls mds tlzds, y n fncn d s tldd.

n fncn d ls cntrrs, s pd clsfcr n:

<>ntrprsnls: sn ls q s prdcn dntr d ls prsns (mtvcns).

<>ntrpsnls: ls q s prdcn ntr prsns (mpld-jf).

<>ntrgrp: sn ls q s prdcn ntr mmbrs d n msm grp.

<>ntrgrp: sn ls q s prdcn ntr mmbrs d grps dstnts.

n fncn d s mnfstcn, pdn sr:

<>Mnfst: cnd l cnflct s sc l lz mdnt prtsts scrts rls xplcts y clrs (hlgs, rvndccns, prtsts…).

<>Ltnt: cnd s mnfst mdnt mds smblcs (bsntsm, bj prdctvdd, xcss…).

n fncn d ls mds tlzds, s pdn clsfcr n:

<>Cnflcts vlnts: cnd s prdcn stcns d grsn.

<>Cnflcts n vlnts: cnd ls rvndccns s prdcn mdnt mds lgls (mdcn, rbtrj, trbnls, ngccn…).

n fncn d s tldd, pdn sr:

<>Cnflcts dstrctvs: cnd tndn xpndrs y grvrs, ndpndznds d ls css rgnls y rgnnd nvs cnflcts.

<>Cnflct prdctv: l cnflct pd sr prdctv y cn cnscncs s s vt s xpnsn y s bscn slcns y vncs.

Ls rds d cmnccn n l mprs s hn clsfcd n cnc tps: rd d strll, rd n “Y”, rd n cdn, rd n crcl, y rd ttl:

Ls rds n strll, n “Y” y n cdn sn prcl ttlmnt cntrlzds, n ls q l msr cp n pscn cntrl n l rd y s dl q s rcb nfrmcn. L rd n crcl y l rd ttl sn dscntrlzds, n ls q ls trs snclls rsltn rpttvs, y ls cmpljs rqrn grnds dss d crdncn trvs d l dptcn mt.

L prmcn d vnts s l cnjnt d tcncs ntgrds n l pln d mrktng pr lgrr ns bjtvs d vnts y q s dvrss ccns pr pblcs dtrmnds. Td pln d prmcn ps pr ss fss: dfncn d ls bjtvs d l prmcn, std d ls psbls nstrmnts tlzr, slccnr ls dcds, prbr ls nstrmnts, lnzr l prmcn, y cntrlr y vlr ls rsltds btnds.

Ls nstrmnts frms d hcr l prmcn srn:

Crr n sprt prmcnl ntr l prsnl y ls srvcs cmrcls cn rnns y ncntrs.

n ls cnls d dstrbcn: dscnts d lnzmnt, dscnts pr cntdd cmprd, mstr grtt…

Pr ls prscrptrs cm mdcs: mstrs grtts, bsqs, fnnccn d vjs cngrss, prms…

Pr ls cmprdrs: frts spcls, rbjs d tmprd, mstrs grtts, cpns d dscnt…

Pr ls cnsmdrs srs: dgstcns, dmstrcns (frs), bsqs, cncrss, srts, chq dscnt…

(L prmcn d vnts tn n rlcn drct cn l mrchndsng: cnjnt d ctvdds q pdn rlzrs n ls stblcmnts pr fvrcr ls vnts.)

Ls blgcns fscls d l mprs tnn mrcds ns plzs q sn ncsrs cmplr n cnt l RPF, l mpst d scdds, l V, y l mpst d ctvdds cnmcs ():

l RPF dspn dl sgnt clndr fscl:

Dclrcn nl ntr (2) my(30) jn.

Dclrcn d rtncns dl RPF drnt ls mss d nr, brl, jl y ctbr.

Rsmn nl n nr (20).

l mpst d scdds dspn dl sgnt clndr fscl:

Rsmn nl n jl (1-25).

Pgs frccnds n ls mss d (1-20) ctbr, dcmbr y brl.

l V dspn dl sgnt clndr fscl:

Rsmn nl n fbrr (2-30).

Cn rspct l mpst d ctvdds cnmcs (), ls plzs d lqdcn dpndn d ls yntmnts.

Td mprs tn cm bjtv mxmzr s fncn d tldd, ndvdl pr cd mprs y n dpndnc d ss prps crcnstncs. ndpndntmnt d st, ls drctvs d ls mprss dbn sbr n td mmnt s stcn pr tmr dcsns q l prmtn cmplr ss bjtvs.

Pr ll, l cntbldd tn n fncn sncl n st sntd, y, pr tnt, ls lmnts d nlss tlzds dbn dcrs ls bjtvs, cmprnd ns lmnts cn trs pr cncr n l myr mdd psbl l stcn d l mprs.

l hr d cnsttr n mprs, s db rlzr n sr d trmts lgls, q ntr l mprsr ndvdl y l scdd cvl, s dstngn lgns dfrncs:

<>mprsr ndvdl: Pr sr mprsr ndvdl hy q sr myr d dd y dspnr lbrmnt d ls bns prps. Ls trmts d cnsttcn y pst n mrch rlzr sn:

Dclrcn cnsl d lt d ctvdd.

lt n l mpst d ctvdds cnmcs.

Dclrcn d l Rnt d ls prsns fscs (dr d lt ls prfsnls) n l rgmn q ls crrspnd: stmcn drct, bjtv smplfcd).

Dclrcn d lt n l mpst sbr l Vlr ñdd (V).

lt n l Rgmn spcl pr trbjdrs tnms n l SS.

nscrpcn cm mprsr n l SS s s cntrtn trbjdrs.

flcn y lt d ls trbjdrs n l SS.

Rgstr d ls cntrts d ls trbjdrs n l SP ntfccn d dch cntrtcn.

<>Scdds cvls mrcntls: Pr cnsttr n scdd cvl, ls trmts sn:

Crtfccn ngtv dl nmbr (dspnbldd dl nmbr dl ngc).

Prtj d ls prtcns n dnrrs (sl n S).

lbrcn d sttts.

Dpst dl cptl scl n n bnc Cj d hrrs.

trgmnt d scrtr pblc nt ntr.

Dclrcn cnsl y btncn dl CF.

lt n l mpst d ctvdds cnmcs (), n l V y n l mpst d scdds.

lt d trbjdrs n l SS y n l rgmn spcl d trbjdrs tnms d l SS d ls dmnstrdrs cnsj d dmnstrcn.

nscrpcn d l mprs n Hcnd cm rtndr d RPF nscrpcn d l mprs n l SS.

nscrpcn d l scdd n l Rgstr Mrcntl.

tlqdcn y pg dl mpst d trnsmsns ptrmnls y cts jrdcs dcmntds.

Dlgnc d prsntcn d lbrs n l Rgstr Mrcntl.

Rgstr d ls cntrts d ls trbjdrs n l SP s cmnccn.

prtr d cntr d trbj.

n l cs d scdds cprtvs y scdds lbrls hy lgns vrcns: l crtfccn ngtv d nmbr s slct n l rgstr d Cprtvs d l Drccn Gnrl d Cprtvs y SL, scrtr pblc, nscrpcn n l Rgstr, clbrcn d smbl cnsttynt n ls cprtvs, y clfccn lbrl pr ls scdds lbrls.

Hy trs trmts q dbn rlzr ls mprss dms d ls mncnds: lcnc d brs (pr pdr rlzr brs n l ngc), lcnc d prtr (cmprbnds q ls nstlcns stn n prfcts cndcns pr brr l stblcmnt), cmb d ttlrdd y cmb d ctvdd.

lgns ctvdds, pr s spcfcdd, rqrn d ns trmts xclsvs, cm ls sgnts:

ctvdds ndstrls, tllrs d rprcn y lmcns d sstncs txcs.

ctvdds d cnstrccn, nstlcns y rprcns lctrcs, y ctvdds d ngnr y cnsltr.

ndstrs y stblcmnts lmntrs n dtllsts.

Brs, rstrnts y cftrs, gncs d vjs, y mprss d sgrdd.

l dlmtr ls bjtvs q s prtndn lcnzr n l r d rcrss hmns, ns ntrs cncr s:

- Q psts xstn.
- Cl s s cntnd rl.

n st cs, ls prsns ms dcds pr prprcnr l nfrmcn q s ncst, sn ls cpnts d ls psts , y q lls sn ls «vrddrs xprts».

L btncn d l nfrmcn s hr trvs d ls tcncs d nlss d psts. Ls dts rcgds plcnd ls tcncs d nlss d psts, ns prmtrn lbrr:

1. l ctlg d psts d l rgnzcn; st s, cncr ls dfrnts psts xstnts, n l ctldd, n l mprs. s prcs sñlr q l ctlg d psts n s l plntll d l mprs . ndc ls psts d trbj xstnts q, n n mmnt dd, pdn str cpds n pr n trbjdr. D lgn frm, l ctlg ndcr l plntll q s ncstr n cndcns nrmls, pr, s ncsr nsstr, n l xstnt n n mmnt dtrmnd.

2. l mnl d fncns d l rgnzcn s l cntnd d ls dfrnts psts-tp xstnts n l mprs.

prtr dl cncmnt dl cntnd d ls psts d trbj, s psbl dfnr ls prfls d cmptncs d ls msms; st s, ls crctrstcs q dbrn rnr ls prsns q ls cpn pr pdr rspndr cn fcc y fcnc ls xgncs d ls msms.

Ls grps n sn sttcs. S crn n n mmnt dd rspndnd n sr d ncsdds, vlcnn l lrg d n tmp y n mchs csns cbn dsprcnd trnsfrmnds n grps dfrnts .

n 1992, Wrchl, Cntnt-Sssc y Grssmn prpnn n mdl cclc dl dsrrll dl grp q st lcnznd grn rlvnc n l ctldd. Ls prcss prdmnnts sn ls sgnts:

.-Fs d dscntnt .

b.-cntcmnt dsncdnnt .

c.-dntfccn grpl .

d.-Prdctvdd grpl .

.-ndvdcn .

f.-Dclv .

.-Fs d dscntnt .

S prt d l xstnc prv d n grp. n dch grp, lgns d ss mmbrs crn q ss ntrss ss ds n stn bn rprsntds y cmnzn mstrrs ncmds .

b.-cntcmnt dsncdnnt .

n s cntxt s prdc n cntcmnt q gdz ls tnsns y prvc l dvsn dl grp ( xplsn d ls dsdnts ).

c.-dntfccn grpl .

Cnsttr rlmnt l prmr fs n l frmcn d n nv grp. l bjtv prmr y prncpl sr cnsgr n dntdd scl cmprtd ntr ss mmbrs y pdr stblcr dfrncs cn trs grps pr pdr s jstfcr s xstnc. Pr s n st fs, s my prbbl q s prdzc n gdzcn dl cnflct cn trs grps y s cnt l smjnz y l chsn ntr ls mmbrs dl grp. S bsc l ndd xstnd n frt prsn d cnfrmdd .

d.-Prdctvdd grpl .

l grp y h cnsgd s dntdd, s pd cntrr n l cnsccn d bjtvs. n st fs l cnflct cn trs grps s rbj y s tlrn n lgn mdd ls dscrpncs dntr dl msm. Ls mnrs pdn nflr n cstns rlcnds cn l tr pr s ls sg rchznd s mnzn l dntdd grpl. l ldrzg st ms cntrd n l tr q ls spcts sc-mcnls dl grp .

.-ndvdcn .

ndvdcn sgnfc llgr sr n ndvd. n st fs l chsn grpl mpz dsmnr y cmnzn prcr grps, prmr n rlcn cn hbldds y rls smlrs y dsps n fncn d smjnzs n cttds, ntrss y trs spcts n rlcnds cn l prdctvdd. S nm l prtcpcn d ls mmbrs mnrtrs y s trbj mns pr ls mts grpls y ms pr ls prsns. S pnn n cstn ls nrms dl grp y s xg n myr lbrtd prsnl .

f.-Dclv

st dsplzmnt hc l ndvdldd hc q l grp s mns mprtnt pr ls ndvds. lgns mmbrs dcdn mrchrs mntrs trs xgn cmbs. S dchs cmbs n sn cptds s psr l prmr std dl mdl y l ccl vlvr mpzr .

KZS, J. y PSNR, B. (1997):l dsf dl ldrzg.Brcln: d. Grnc.

PÉRZ LÓPZ, J. . (1993):Fndmnts d l Drccn d mprss.Mdrd: d. Rlp.

RDDN, B. (1998):Cm mjrr s stl d gstn.Blb: d. Dst.

L prtcpcn n l mprs pd tnr dstnts sgnfcds sgn dsd l prspctv q s plq:

plcd l dsrrll dl trbj . s l ct d tmr prtd n l dsrrll dl prcs prdctv y clbrr pr q st slg dlnt.

plcd l tm d dcsns . s l nflnc rsltnt dl hch d q n prsn sm n ppl ctv n l prcs d tm d dcsns.

plcd cm tcnc d mtvcn . s l strtg plcd cn l fn d q ls prsns prcbn l mprtnc d s trbj dntr d l rgnzcn.

lgns d ls fcts d l prtcpcn n l mprs sn:

. L stsfccn n l trbj y dsrrll prsnl:L prtcpcn mnt l stsfccn d ls mplds n ss psts d trbj.

b. L cldd d ls dcsns y nvl d cmprms:L prtcpcn tmbn tndr fcts n l cldd d ls dcsns l cntr cn ms lmnts d dcsn.

c. l tmp:s n d ls prncpls csts d l prtcpcn,ls csts d py l prgrm y ls rlcnds cn l rsstnc d ls mnds ntrmds y trs grps dntr d l mprs.

ntr ls prblms q plnt l prtcpcn pdms tnr:

. Cnfsn d ls bjtvs: s bsrv n tndnc n l mnt d l prtcpcn ms cm n std d nm q cm n prncp d rgnzcn.

b.Cntrdccn ntr l prtcpcn y l flxbldd: pr q l prtcpcn pd fncnr s rqr n stbldd mnm dl prsnl.

c. Dstnc ntr l tr y l prctc: ls q ls cncbn, ls nstln y ls drgn sln sr grps d tcncs y ls q pstrrmnt ls mnjn qdn pr l gnrl xclds d s cmprnsn.

d. L flt d tmp: n nmrss mprss ls bjtvs d prdccn spnn n vrddr crrr n bsc d l rntbldd cnmc y scl; l prtcpcn s cnsdrd lgns vcs cm n prdd d tmp.

Hy vrs tcncs nstrmnts pr l mtvcn lbrl: l dnr, l prtcpcn dl trbjdr, l nrqcmnt dl trbj, tcncs mxts, ntr trs.

<>l dnr: l dnr s l mcnsm ms tlzd pr rcmpnsr y mdfcr l cmprtmnt n l ndstr. Ést pd stsfcr ncsdds prmrs, y, n csns tmbn lgns scndrs (stts, pdr, prstg). S dscncn ls rlcns ntr l mgntd dl ncntv y l mgntd dl cmprtmnt n cnscnc.

<>L prtcpcn dl trbjdr: L prtcpcn dl trbjdr l nfnd cnfnz y sntd d prtnnc l mprs y cntrby stsfcr ncsdds scls y psclgcs. L prtcpcn db prtr dl spst d q mplc n stl d drccn, cn frm dmcrtc y prtcptv, mprgnd n l cltr dl cnjnt d l rgnzcn.

<>l nrqcmnt dl trbj: l nrqcmnt dl trbj prtnd cnfgrr l pst d trbj cm n ndd ntrl cn ntdd prp, d frm q l trbjdr prcb q s trbj s tl, sgnfctv y d vlr.

<>Tcncs mxts d mtvcn: Ls tcncs mxts d mtvcn prsntn prgrms d ctcn q cmbnn lgns tcncs smpls dscrts. lgns d sts tcncs sn:

<>Grps qps smtnms d trbj: sn ls q s ls rspnsblz d n trbj ttl y s ls d tnm pr rgnzrl y jctrl.

<>Rfrz pstv mdfccn d l cndct: cmbn tcncs q hcn hncp n l rcncmnt d ls lgrs.

<>Crcls d cldd grps vlntrs d trbj pr hllr y rslvr prblms d cldd: cntrbyn mjrr l ntrs y l stsfccn n l trbj.

l pln mpl rslt rrlzbl pr ls rgds strctrs y rglcns, pr l q s ncstn mdds pr lgrr dch bjtv, ntr ls q s ncntrn ls dstnts mdldds d cntrtcn.

tr prrdd lbrl s fmntr l gldd ntr hmbrs y mjrs n l ccs l mpl y n ls cndcns lbrls, s cm grntzr n dcd prtccn l mnr. n rlcn ls xtrnjrs, xstn mds pr s cntrtcn n gldd, nq n bslt, pr n grn prt q ls spñls.

L trzcn pr l ctcn d ls gncs d clccn prvds y ls mprss d trbj tmprl prmtn prxmr ls frts y dmnds dl trbj.

dms dl dscns smnl blgr, xstn ns fsts lbrls dstrbds l lrg dl ñ q cnsttyn ds dcnls d dscns rmnrd y n rcprbls. Pdn sr mxm 14 ds l ñ (2 lcls, 3 pr CC, fsts trdcnls y 4 ncnls), rsptnds smpr ls ctr ncnls: l Ntvdd dl sñr (25 dcmbr), ñ nv (1 nr), fst dl trbjdr (1 my), y l fst ncnl d spñ (12 ctbr).

Pr vtr ls pnts, l Gbrn stblc q pdn trsldrs lns ls fsts ncnls q tngn lgr ntr l smn, xcpcn d ls ntrrs. ndpndntmnt dl clndr d fsts prbd pr l Gbrn, cd mprs db hcr n clndr lbrl q s lbrr nlmnt (d n hcrl, sr n nfrccn dmnstrtv lv).

Ls sccns d mprsrs sn sccns d crctr prvd, d ntrs pblc q grpn mpldrs ndvdls y scls pr dfndr ls ntrss q l sn prps.

Pr s crcn, n s xg trzcn dmnstrtv prv. s ncsr q ss sttts s dpstn n l fcn pblc crrspndnt (fcn Pblc d Dpst d sttts), y pblcrl n l tbln d nncs, n l Bltn fcl d l Prvnc, y n s cs, n l dl std. Ls sttts cntndrn cm mnm: l dnmncn, rgns d rprsntcn, dmnstrcn y gbrn, rcrss cnmcs y l sstm d dmsn d mmbrs.

sts sccns sl pdrn sr sspndds dslts mdnt rslcn jdcl pr lctd d crts cts. Ls sccns mprsrls y ss flds dsfrtn d l prtccn lgl pr grntzr s ndpndnc rspct l dmnstrcn Pblc, s cm cntr td ct d njrnc d ns rspct trs.

Ls nrms s ntrprtrn sgn l sntd prp d ss plbrs, n rlcn cn l cntxt, ls ntcdnts hstrcs y lgsltvs, y l rldd scl dl tmp n q sn plcds. Ls rgnsms q rlzrn l ntrprtcn d ls CC sn:

L Jrsdccn: rslvr ls cnflcts sbr plccn ntrprtcn mdnt sntnc. Ls cmsns prtrs d ls CC: tnn cncmnt sbr l rslcn d cnflcts drvds d l plccn ntrprtcn d ls CC. Prcss d mdcn rbtrj: ls CC pdn smtrs n prcdmnt d mdcn pr slvntr ls dscrpncs sbr s plccn ntrprtcn.

Drnt l rlcn lbrl, sln srgr css q mtvn l cmb d ls cndcns nclmnt pctds. smsm, l mprsr, n vrtd d s “js vrnd”, pd ntrdcr mdfccns d ls cndcns d trbj rsptnd l nrmtv lgl y l dgndd dl trbjdr.

l std d l sbrgcn mprsrl y d l sspnsn dl CT pnn d mnfst q l CT s n ngc jrdc d grn vtldd y rsstnc n s drcn.

l dspd d n trbjdr s n ccn d crctr ndvdl dl mprsr, rvsbl nt l Jrsdccn scl. l Jz Scl q l rvs pd dctr trs tps d prnncmnts:

Dspd mprcdnt: sr prcdnt s hy n rzn fndmntd d l xtncn, hbnds cmpld ls rqsts frmls rspct frm y mtvs lgls, smnd l trbjdr ls fcts d l xtncn y qdnd n stcn d dsmpl. Dspd prcdnt: sr mprcdnt s ls mtvs q lg l mprsr n sn vlds s s ncmpln ls rqsts frmls. (S l mprs rdmt l trbjdr, st dbr dvlvr l ndmnzcn prcbd prvmnt. S n s rdmtd, l mprs dbr bnr n ndmnzcn d 33 ds d slr pr ñ d srvc hst n mxm d 24 mnsldds.) Dspd nl: sr nl s l xtncn s bs n lgn mtv dscrmntr s vl ls drchs fndmntls y lbrtds pblcs dl mpld. S dclrr nl l xtncn s s hc n ls sgnts spsts: trbjdrs mbrzds, trbjdrs n sspnsn dl CT pr mtrndd, rsg drnt l mbrz, drnt l prd d lctnc, dspd d trbjdrs vctms d l vlnc d gnr pr jrcr ss drchs d rdccn rrdncn d jrnd, dspd d ls trbjdrs trs ncrprrs d l sspnsn dl CT rltvs ls css ctds ntrrmnt.

L ctzcn s n ctvd n vrtd d l cl ls sjts blgds prtn rcrss cnmcs l Sstm d l Sgrdd Scl.

Ls lmnts bscs sn:

- L bs d ctzcn.

- l tp d ctzcn.

- L ct.

L bs d ctzcn str cnsttd pr l rmnrcñn ttl, clqr q s s frm dnmncn, tnt n mtlc cm n spc, q cn crctr mnsl tng drch prcbr l trbjdr smld. S dtrmnr prtr dl slr dl trbjdr cnfrm l s rgls d l rdn d Ctzcn. Ls bss d ctzcn sn ls sgnts:

- Bs d Ctzcn pr cntngncs cmns: s cmptr l rmnrcn q crrspnd l ms q s rfr l ctzcn, s nclr l prt prprcnl d pgs xtrs y qlls cncpts d dvng sprr l mnsl. st sm db st cmprndd ntr ls mnms y mxm prvsts lglmnt.

- Bs d ctzcn pr Ctngncs prfsnls: cmprnd l bs d ctzcn pr cntngncs cmns ms ls hrs xtrs.

- Bs d ctzcn pr dsmpl, FP y FGS: l msm q l bs q l bs pr cntngncs prfsnls.

- Bs d Ctzcn dcnl pr Hrs xtrs: cnstty n bs d ctzcn dcnl, dstngnd ntr hrs rlzds pr frz myr n.

l tp d ctzcn s l prcntj q s plc l bs d ctzcn

Pr cntngncs Cmns L mprs 23,6% y l trbjdr 4,7% Pr Hrs xtrs pr frz myr l mprs 12% y l trbjdr 2% pr l Rst Hrs xtrs l mprs 23,6% y l trbjdr 4,7

pr dsmpl l Tp Gnrl s pr l mprs 5,5% pr l trbjdr s l 1,55

pr ls Cntrt drcn dtrmnd tmp cmplt

pr l mprs s l 6,7% y pr l trbjdr s l 1,6% pr l Cntrt drcn dtrmnd Tmp Prcl pr l mprs s l 6,7% y pr l trbjdr s l1,6%

pr FGS l tp d ctzcn pr l mprs s dl 0,2% l trbjdr n ctz. pr FRMCÓN PRFSNL l tp d ctzcn pr l mprs s dl0.6% pr l trbjdr s dl 0,1% pr Cntngncs Prfsnls l ctzcn st rcgd n l Ly 42/2006 Dspscn dcnl Crt Trf d Prms pr l ctzcn pr ccdnt d trbj y nfrmdd prfsnl

l trbjdr

n ctz

l bs d ctzcn s l plc l tp d ctzcn q ns dr l ct d ctzcn q s l cntdd tnt dl mprsr cm dl trbjdr, q l mprsr db ngrsrn l Tsrr Gnrl d l Sgrdd Scl

L ctvdd cnmc s rlz pr cbrr ns ncsdds q sn lmtds mdnt l prdccn d bns y srvcs, tlznd rcrss lmtds y sscptbls d ss ltrntvs.

Ls ncsdds cbrr sn my dvrss y vcs cntrdctrs. Ls clgsts ntndn q s st dnd n sbrxpltcn d ls rcrss ntrls q pd llvr n ctstrf; n l bnd cntrr, s pns q l plnt tn sfcnt d cpcdd d rspst l rspct.

L dmgrf jg n ppl n ls qlbrs y dsqlbrs q s prdcn, y ls mgrcns sn n d ls prblms dl sgl XX.

md d rsmn y cnclsn, pd dcrs:

L cnm d mrcd s bs n ls dcsns dptds pr ls gnts q n ll ntrvnn cmprnd y vndnd bns y srvcs y fctrs prdctvs. S dcd fncnmnt ncst d ns cndcns q ndqn s s mrcd sgn n fcntmnt ls rcrss xstnts. Pr q l mrcd fncn crrctmnt, tmbn db hbr n fncnmnt dl sstm d prcs dcd. Ls gnts cnmcs sn ncsrs n l mrcd cm rgldrs d ss cndcns, y ctnd n l pr cbrr ls crncs d ls dms gnts cnmcs, y, n lgns fss dl dsrrll cnmc, cm mtrs mplsrs dl msm.

dms d ls mgntds prsntds, s tlzn trs pr cmprbr l std d l cnm. Sn ls sgnts: ts d dsmpl, ndc d prcs l cnsm (PC), blnz d pgs, frmcn brt d cptl, y tps d ntrs.

Ts d dsmpl: md l nmr d prsns d l pblcn ctv q s ncntrn sn trbj. Ls cfrs s mdn prtr d ls dts prtds pr l SP y pr l P. Índc d prcs l cnsm (PC): md l vrcn d ls prcs d ls bns, ll s dnmn nflcn. S clcl d l sgnt frm: s lbr l cst d l cmpr (cmpst pr ls prdcts y srvcs d rfrnc pr l clcl dl PC); s tmn dts d ls prcs n dstnts mmnts dl ms y n dtrmnds lgrs; s rlz n trtmnt stdstc (rdncn d ls dts); y s pblc l PC (pr l nsttt Ncnl d stdstc). Blnz d pgs: s l rgstr sstmtc d ls trnsccns cnmcs rlzds drnt n prd d tmp ntr ls rsdnts d n ps y ls dl rst dl mnd. Frmcn brt d cptl: s l gst rlzd n bns q ncrmntn ls mds d prdccn d l cnm drnt n prd d tmp. L frmcn brt d cptl ndc l crcmnt d l nvrsn y l cptl n n prd d tmp. (S dfrnc ntr frmcn brt d cptl fj y vrcn d xstncs.) Tps d ntrs: s l prc dl dnr. Hy mchs tps d ntrs n l mrcd (plzs, tps d prcn…), y s n fctr mprtnt pr l nvrsn y l gst.

Ls sjts cnmcs cn rspct d s cptl pdn cnsmrl cmpltmnt, cnsmr ms dl q tnn, nddnds, cnsmr mns dl q tnn, hrrnd. st prvc q s crn mcnsms pr trnsfrr cptl d ls sjts hrrdrs (cn sprvt) ls sjts prsttrs (n dfct).

l sstm fnncr dspn d ns nsttcns (ntrmdrs fnncrs) q cnlzn ls fljs fnncrs dsd ls hrrdrs ls prsttrs. sts fljs fnncrs pdn sr: drcts ndrcts. L dfrnc ntr ls ds s q n l drct n hy trnsfrmcn d ctvs, y n l ndrct ls ctvs fnncrs prmrs s trnsfrmn n ntrmdds.

(l cnjnt d prcns d cmprvnt d ctvs fnncrs drcts ndrcts llvds cb ntr frnts y dmndnts d hrr, cnsttyn ls mrcds fnncrs.)

n l sstm fnncr, hy ds grnds tps d ntrmdrs fnncrs: ls bncrs y ls n bncrs:

ntrmdrs fnncrs bncrs: n lls, ss ctvs fnncrs sn cptds cm mds d pg, cm dnr. Lg ctn d ntrmdrs y crn dnr. Dstcn l Bnc Cntrl y ls bncs cmrcls:

Bnc Cntrl: s l mxm trdd dl sstm mntr y cntrl l lqdz dl sstm. Ss prncpls fncns sn: ctr cm bnc d bncs: cstd ls rsrvs dl sst. bncr. Sr l bnc dl std: cpt dpsts y cncd crdts. Mntnr y cntrlr ls rsrvs d r y dvss dl ps. mtr dnr lgl y pnr n crclcn ls mnds. nstrmntr l pltc mntr. Bnc cmrcl: s l prncpl ntrmdr d ls fljs fnncrs d l cnm y tn cpcdd pr crr dnr. Cptn rcrss d ls hrrdrs y rcbn prstms dl Bnc Cntrl.

ntrmdrs fnncrs n bncrs: mtn ctvs fnncrs y dsmpñn n lbr mddr. S clsfcn n:

ntrmdrs fnncrs n bncrs cy psv tn n vlr mntr fj y pd sr cnvrtd n dnr cn fcldd. nsttcns cys psvs tn n vlr mntr q pd vrr d n d tr: btnn ss rcrss d clcr ss prtcpcns ntr hrrdrs y q ddcrn l dqscn d vlrs brstls (j: fnds). nsttcns d sgrs: btn ls rcrss d ls prms y cntrbcns d ls sgrdrs y pdn nvrtrls rntblmnt mdnt clccns lrg plz n dd pblc, blgcns y ccns.

Sgn cd nvl drctv, ls cpcdds q s ncstn vrn n fncn dl nvl:

<>lt drccn: pr st, s rqrn cpcdds d tp cncptl, d bstrccn, d gnrlzcn, d dr y plnfcr.

<>Drccn ntrmd: pr st, s rqrn cpcdds pr ls rlcns hmns y mns cpcdds cncptls.

<>Drccn prtv bj: pr st, s rqrn cncmnts d crctr tcnc, l mstr dl fc.

L tm d dcsns cnstty l tr bsc dl drctv. Cnsdrnd l lcnc d ls dcsns, xstn trs ctgrs: strtgcs, tctcs y prtvs.

<>Dcsns strtgcs: sn prps d l lt drccn, d grn trscndnc pr l rgnzcn. Sn d grn lcnc, y ss cnscncs sln sr rrvrsbls. Rqrn d mgncn, vsn ntcptv, sntd d l prtndd y dl rsg (cpcdds cncptls).

<>Dcsns tctcs: sn prps d l drccn ntrmd. Sn bjtvs mdbls, d md lcnc. Sln sr dcsns d crctr fncnl q fctn rs cncrts d l mprs. Sln sr rvrsbls mdnt csts.

<>Dcsns prtvs: sn prps d l drccn prtv bj. fctn prcls my cncrts d l ctvdd nrml d l rgnzcn. stn rntds rntblzr ls prcns bj crtrs d fcnc.

n l prcs d slcn d cnflcts, xstn vrs tps: mnfstcn dl cnflct, clsfccn dl cnflct, nlss dl cnflct, bscr slcns, rcptlcn y vlcn pstrr.

<>Mnfstcn dl cnflct: n prmr lgr, s ncsr hcr vr l prt cntrr q lg v ml, y hbr q cptr pr mbs prts q vrddrmnt xst n cnflct.

<>Clsfccn dl cnflct: s ncsr ncdrr l cnflct n n d ls clsfccns prvsts pr stdr ss crctrstcs y slcnrl mjr.

<>nlss dl cnflct: st nlss db nclr: n nlss dl cntxt, d ls psbls css dl cnflcts, y d ls bjtvs ls q qr llgr cd prt.

<>Bscr slcns: n st prtd s ncsr cntrlr l vcblr, scchr l tr prt, vglr l cmnccn n vrbl, n prmtr l q n s pd cmplr, mstrrs sncr y dgn d cnfnz…

<>Rcptlcn y vlcn pstrr: llgds l slcn, s ncsr sgrrs d q n hy n vncdrs n vncds, rsmr ls dcsns y prcdmnts pr ls cmbs crds lcnzds, frmr l crd, y cntrlr l dsrrll d l slcn lgd.

Cnsgr n bn cmnccn rqr d tds ls mplcds q s tngn n cnt n sr d rntcns bsds n l cntrl d l nfrmcn:

mplr l cmnccn drct: cr cr, q trnsmt ms cnfnz y prmt l rtrlmntcn fdbck. tlzr n lngj sncll y drct y clrr y rptr l q hg flt pr q l mnsj s ntndd, snd l mcnsm d l rtrlmntcn. Sr snsbl l mnd dl rcptr, pnnds n s lgr, mstrnd smpt y rspt pr n dr lgr prblms. vtr ls cttds y cmprtmnts ngtvs pr l cmnccn.

xstn tmbn trs tcncs, cm l “dtr d l cmnccn”, q cnsst n n rvsn l ms crtc psbl d ls rds, prcdmnts, cnls lngjs… n rlcn cn cd n d ls ctvdds d cmnccn cn fn prvntv. Sgn l dtr d l cmnccn, l cmnccn db sr ctv, n cltr nfrmcn snd clr y trnsprnt, tlznd ntr mbs prts n lngj smlr, h d r bn drgd s dstn, hy q sbr scchr, y dr lgr l rtrlmntcn.

Ls grnds mprss s cmncn cn td l mcrsstm xstnt n s md, pr ll, dbn plnfcr ss cmnccns dpndnd d: l tmñ d l mprs, d ss psbldds, dl cmp q qrn brcr, y d ss bjtvs.

L cmnccn pd r drgd hc l ntrr d l mprs, hc l xtrr. L ntrr v drgd l prsnl xclsv d l mprs (drctvs, trbjdrs); y l xtrr pd drgrs trs dstntrs dfrncds: nsttcns fcls y trs, ls prfsnls l cnsmdr.

nsttcns fcls y trs: s rfrn ls mnstrs, nsttcns fcls, rgnsms pblcs, crprcns, l bnc y trs. st rsrvd ms bn pr grnds mprss q jrcn nflnc pr q sgn ss ntrss. ls prfsnls: v drgd tds ls prfsnls pr q pdn cnsjr ls cnsmdrs sbr l cmprtmnt d mrcd y ls prdcts dspnbls n l. ls cnsmdrs: srg n mprss q frcn cnsmbls y n ls q sn ms mprtnts ls prps prdcts frcds, q l prp mprs.

l hr d slccnr ls cnls d cmnccn, hy q tnr n cnt: qlls q cndcn l pblc cnsmdr, y l cst d ls cnls n rlcn l fcc d ls msms.

S l mprs tn q nncr n prdct srvc, l ms rntbl s n mplr n md q s drj n grn cntdd d prsns, mxm s pdn sr psbls cmprdrs dl bn srvc. Fnlmnt, l cnsmdr pd djrs llvr pr l pblcdd pr ss prps crtrs pr slccnr l prdct q ms l ntrs.

Ls cnls ms fctvs pdn sr l crr lctrnc, l rd, l tlvsn, y, n mnr mdd, l tlfn, l fx, ntr trs.

Ls cnls ms mprtnts sn l crr y l prns tcnc, sqbls y cn psbldd d llgr n grn ms d pblc. st mtd s cncd cm prns tcnc. Ls vntjs q frc l prns tcnc sn: bn rdccn, bndnt nfrmcn, y d n crctr prfsnl.

tr mtd d pblcdd drct s l cmnccn pstl, pr prsnt ncnvnnts cm prdd d tmp, tnr mnr fct q trs tps d cmnccns, y l ncsdd d tnr ls drccns d n mpl lstd d prsns.

Ls tcncs d vnts sn hrrmnts q mpl l vnddr pr nflr n l psbl cmprdr. Hy vnts l pr myr y l pr mnr. n ls vnts l pr mnr hy ctr tps:

<>Vnt drct: l dstnc ntr l fbrcnt y l cmprdr s mnm (rtsn q vnd ss prdcts l pblc).

<>Vnt pr crr, ctlg, tlfn ntrnt: l cmprdr slccn l prdct mdnt ctlg, TV, pgns wb…

<>Vnt tmtc mcnzd: l cmprdr ntrdc l mprt n l mqn y st l prprcn n prdct (mqns d bbds).

<>Vnt ndrct: l trnsccn s hc ntr l ntrmdr y l cmprdr n l “pnt d vnt” (tnd, sprmrcd).

Ls fss d n prcs d vnt sn: lclzr cmprdrs, prprr l ntrvst (cntnd dl mnsj, mds), rlzr l ntrvst, y ccns pstrrs l ntrvst. Pr crrr l ntrvst, hy vrs tcncs: ntrgr l prdct y rcbr l mprt, frmr l cntrt, lgr n ltrntv d ls frcds, hcr n vnt cndcnd…

Ls TC hn hch q l nfrmcn n l mprs hy sfrd n grn trnsfrmcn drnt ls ltms ñs. ll h spst q s hy prdcd n dscntrlzcn n ls fncns y n myr cntrlzcn n cnt l cntrl ntrn y l pdr d dcsn n l mprs.

n cnt l dcmntcn d l mprs, s mprtnt l q fct ls blgcns fscls, y, pr tnt, s mprtnt tnr n cnt cmplr ls plzs n ls blgcns trbtrs. n bn gstn prtr csts mnrs y myr fcnc.

L sbvncn s n trnsfrnc fnd pdd q n rgnsm pblc rlz n prtclr, mprs tr ntdd pr q dch ptrmn s tlc pr n bjtv cncrt. Hy vrs tps d sbvncn:

<>Sbvncns l xpltcn: pr ydr mprss cn dfcltds.

<>Sbvncns n cptl: pr dqrr ctvs fjs.

<>Sbvncns d tps d ntrs: trtn d brtr l fnnccn d l mprs.

<>Sbvncns l mpl: fvrcn l cntrtcn d trbjdrs pr prt d ls mprss.

<>Sbvncns sctrls: drgds sctrs cncrts d l ct. cnmc.

<>Sbvncns sctrs dsfvrcds (pr l crcn d mprss drgds mjrs jvns pr jmpl).

<>Sbvncns d mntnmnt (pr sbrvvr n mprs drnt n tmp).

<>Sbvncns fscls (pr mpsts lcls y sttls).

Prctcmnt, tds ls mprss pdn sr crdrs n sbvncn. Pr trmtr n sbvncn, dbn tnrs n cnt vrs fctrs:

L sbvncn db bsrs n l pryct.

s ncsr cncr l pltc d sbvncns d l dmnstrcn q ls cncd.

Dsrrllr l pryct sbnd q ls sbvncns sln rtrsrs.

Bscr nfrmcn sbr ls rgnsms q cncdn l sbvncn n l q s tng ntrs d dqrr.

Lclzr n prsn d cntct n l nsttcn q cncd l sbvncn, cntrlznd n l ls cnslts.

Pnr n rlcn ls mprss fcls d l slctd cn l pln d nvrsn rlzd.

Hcr rvsr ls mprss pr n xprt y n djr cslls sn rllnr.

Hcr n sgmnt d l slctd trs ntrgr l dcmntcn.

Ls yds rps cd vz tnn ms prstg y pdn bnfcrs d lls ls prycts mprsrls. Pr grps, ls yds ms dstcds sn:

<>Fnds strctrls: crrg dsgldds (j: FDR, FG…).

<>Fnds d chsn: trtn d fvrcr ls pss ms dsfvrcds.

<>nctvs cmntrs: pr prblms cncrts d mprtnc.

<>Prycts plt: trtn d sr nnvdrs y ptncr nvs vs pr l dsrrll cnmc y scl.

<>Prgrms d +D: rnvn y ptncn l dsrrll d ctvdds d nvstgcn.

<>Prgrms d yd pss n dsrrll: pdn dqrrl ls mprss q drjn ss ctcns ss mrcds.

l mprnddr db sbr dnd bscr nfrmcn: yntmnt, cntrs d ssrmnts, nsttcns y mprss prvds, Cmrc, ntrnt…

L myr d ls prsns str d crd n cptr q ls grps nflyn sbr ls ds y ls cndcts d ss mmbrs .

Ls trbjs d Shrf dmstrn q l ntrccn dntr d ls grps tnd crr nrms y q dchs nrms nflyn pstrrmnt sbr ls ndvds. N tds ls sjts s djn nflr jrcn l msm grd d nflnc . s, cnt myr s l grd d mstd cncmnt prv myr s l cnvrgnc n ls jcs, mntrs q cnd xstn dfrncs dlgcs ntr ls mmbrs dl grp, n vz d cnvrgnc s bsrv n fct d dfrnccn.

n lgns css l nflnc s prdc prq, trvs dl grp, l prsn dqr nfrmcn q nts n ps. n trs l prsn dpt l pstr dl grp smplmnt pr llvrs bn cn ls trs, pr vtr cnflct pr n sr rchzd. l prmr tp d nflnc s l vn llmnd nflnc nfrmtv y l sgnd nflnc nrmtv

L nflnc nfrmtv:

S prdc cnd l prsn qr dr n rspst crrct dptd l rldd pr s ncpz pr s msm d ncntrrl cn sgrdd, pr s s dpndnt d l nfrmcn q l prtn ls dms. l ndvd cnsdr ls trs cm mddrs ntr l y l rldd, s dcr, cm nstrmnts d prcpcn y d jc cm ssttts d ls nstrmnts d ls q l n dspn.

nflnc nrmtv.

Dntr d ls grps xst n nrm mplct q tds hms prndd dsd pqñs: ql q s prt dmsd dl grp s gnrd. Ls grps bscn l nfrmdd y rchzn l dsvd dfrnt.

l cnfrmsm s l rsltd d l nflnc nrmtv. S ntnd q s h prdcd cnfrmsm cnd l prsn mdfc s rspst rspct n dtrmnd bjt crcndl qll xprsd pr l myr d ls ndvds n l sn d n dtrmnd grp.

n l ctldd n hy dd d q sts grps, cnsttyn ls ndds bscs d ls rgnzcns y cnfgrn s strctr tnt frml cm nfrml. l trbj n grp y cn grps s cnvrt s n lg fndmntl pr l fncnmnt d qlls, mplc tnt ss mmbrs (clqr q s s nvl y fncn) cm prfsnls xtrns q rlcn lgn tp d ntrvncn, q dbn tnr prsnt l clbrcn ntr ntrgrpl n crr d frm ccdntl, sn q db plnfcrs y prmvrs, l cl mplc psr ls cmptncs dcds pr drgr y prtcpr n grps.

L prccn dl cmprtmnt n l trbj pd srvr pr rntr l ctvdd y ls fncns d ls trbjdrs. st vlcn prmt:

- Cnsgr n mjr ntrccn ntr ndvds.

- Mjrr l fcc d ls prsns y qps d trbj frnt ss bjtvs.

- Rcgr nfrmcn sbr l fncnmnt ctl y ls cmptncs q s pdn dsrrllr n ls prsns y qps.

Pr q l trbjdr cpt sn rprs n vlcn d s cmprtmnt prfsnl y st s stsfctr, dbn drs dvrss crctrstcs:

- Hy q trtr ls hchs cn n cnsttcn bsd n bsrvcns drdrs, q dn lgr n vlcn cntn.

- L vlcn hy q cnsdrrl cm n frm d ydr l trbjdr dsrrllrs.

- L vlcn s n sstm brt, cn psbldd d dscsn.

n bn vlcn dl dsmpñ y rndmnt n ls psts d trbj db rlcnr ls rsltds cnsgds cn ls crctrstcs prfsnls.

Dntr d ls tcncs pr vlr ls trbjdrs, hy q dstngr:

- l prp prcs d vlcn: s l tncn cntn prstd l cmprtmnt n l trbj pr prprcnr py l prsnl.

- L ntrvst prdc: s l tmp ddcd pr hcr blnc mt d cnt s h rlzd. st rlcnd cn ls bjtvs, mds y cmprtmnts fjds.

Ls flls prtvs n l vlcn dl dsmpñ y rndmnt n ls psts d trbj pdn srgr pr ds tps d prblms:

1. Pr prcr ml l cndct n l trbj, dbd q n s cncn ls cmptncs y ptncl d ls trbjdrs.

2. Pr l pc cmnccn cn ls trbjdrs sbr s cmpttvdd, pr l q n pd rntrs s trbj hc ls bjtvs d l mprs.

l prms s n cs tmprl d l prstcn lbrl pr n d ls css lgl cnvncnlmnt prvsts, snd rtrbds pr prt dl mprsr.

Rgmn jrdc

Ls prmss s hlln rglds n l T (rt. 37.3), dnd s stblc q l trbjdr, prv vs y jstfccn, pdr sntrs dl trbj cnsrvnd drch s rmnrcn. Ls css dl prms sn:

<>Mtrmn dl trbjdr: 15 ds ntrls trs l ct npcl. <>Ncmnt d hjs, fllcmnt, ccdnt nfrmdd grv, hsptlzcn ntrvncn qrrgc sn hsptlzcn: ds ds, y s hy n grn dsplzmnt, ctr ds. <>Ncmnt d hjs prmtrs: q dbn prmncr hsptlzds. 1h dr d snc l trbj, mplbl hst 2h s s rdc l slr. <>Lctnc d n hj: 1h dr (q pd sr frccnd n ds prds d 30 mnts), mntbl pr prt mltpl. <>Rlzcn d xmns prntls y tcncs d prprcn l prt: l tmp ncsr pr ll. <>jrcc d drchs dctvs: l tmp ncsr pr ll. <>Cmplmnt d dbrs pblcs, prsnls nxcsbls: (cm vtr n ls lccns pblcs) n pd sr sprr l 20% n n trmstr. <>Cmplmnt d fncns sndcls d rprsntcn dl prsnl: cn l tmp dspst n l lgldd. <>Cs d dsplzmnt: 4 ds pr cd trs mss d stnc fr d s dmcl (T, rt. 40). <>Cs d xtncn pr css bjtvs: 6h smnls pr l bsqd d n nv mpl. <>Trsld d dmcl hbtl: 1 d d prms. <>Clqr ntrrpcn pr css mptbls l mprsr: q mpdn l trbjdr dsrrllr s ctvdd, mntnnds s rtrbcn.

L C rcnc cm drch fndmntl l lbrtd sndcl, dsrrllndl n l Ly d Lbrtd Sndcl. Ls sndcts s cnfgrn cm n d ls nsttcns bscs dl std spñl y q lchn pr cnsgr n mjr d ls cndcns lbrls d tds ls trbjdrs. Ls sccns d mpldrs smn l msm ppl q ls sndcts rspct d ls mprsrs.

L Ly h rcncd ls sndcts n pscn pltc prvlgd n l scdd y q sn nsttcns d ntrs pblc q rprsntn ls ntrss gnrls d ls trbjdrs, snd ntrlctrs cn mprsrs y pdrs pblcs.

l TRT prmt ls rgnzcns sndcls y sccns mprsrls ms rprsnttvs sscrbr crds ntrprfsnls CC q stblzcn l strctr d l ngccn clctv y rgls pr rslvr ls cnflcts d cncrrnc ntr CC d dstnt mbt. s vz, l TRT prmt ls rgnzcns d trbjdrs y mprsrs lbrr crds sbr mtrs cncrts.

S hn cncrtd dvrss crds l rspct, dstcnd ls sgnts:

M (crd Mrc ntrfdrl): fj ls crtrs strctrls q dbn rgr n ls ngccns clctvs y rgl mtrs cm l jrnd mxm lgl. (crd ntrcnfdrl): stblc crtrs sbr slrs, jrnds, sgrdd hgn, y mdds d fmnt d mpl (cm jblcns ntcpds). N (crd Ncnl sbr mpl): stblc crtrs sbr ncrmnts slrls y mdds pr l fmnt dl mpl n spñ. S (crd cnmc y Scl): lgr n dsmncn dl dsmpl y mnt dl mpl cn mdds fscls, cnmcs y scls.

Jnt sts crds, hy trs dstcr:

y crd Ncnl sbr FP Cntn (1992, 1996). crd ntrcnfrdrl sbr Ngccn Clctv (1997). crds sbr slcn xtr jdcl d cnflcts , , , V y V (SC). crd ntrprfsnl sbr Cbrtr d Vcs (1997). crd Scl y cnmc (S, 2011): stblc ls crtrs bscs pr l rfrm d l ngccn clctv.

l CT pd sfrr mdfccns l lrg dl tmp, ncld s xtncn. l prncp d cnsrvcn dl ngc jrdc hc q l xtncn s rgl cn css jstfcds. l lgsldr h qrd dtr d n frmldd xprs st ct jrdc pr stblcr ls myrs grnts psbls pr l trbjdr.

L rcdcn s l pg d ls cts, crrspnd l Tsrr Gnrl. st rcdcn pd hcrs n v vlntr, n v jctv.

Rcdcn n v vlntr: L rcdcn vlntr s prdc cnd ls sjts rspnsbls fctn l ngrs d ss cts y ls d ss trbjdrs dntr dl plz rglmntr. Rcdcn n v jctv: L rcdcn jctv s prdc cnd l plz rglmntr h trnscrrd y n s h prdcd ngrs d ls cts. n s cs, s rclm dch ngrs jnt cn rcrgs l mprsr.

n cnt l prscrpcn d drchs y ccns, cb dstngr ls sgnts css:

ngrs ndbd d ls cts: q d drch l dvlcn d s cntdd bnd. Prscrb ls 4 ñs. Tmbn prscrbn ls 4 ñs ls sgnts drchs y ccns dl Sstm: drch dtrmnr ls dds, ccn pr xgr l pg d ls dds pr cts d l Sgrdd Scl, ccn pr mpnr sncns pr ncmplmnt d ls nrms d Sgrdd Scl. Prscrpcn n 4 ñs d ls nfrccns n mtr d Sgrdd Scl.

l nlss d l cyntr cnmc ld l std nltc dl prsnt y ls tndncs ftrs d l cnm. l nlss s hc rz d vrs vrbls ndcdrs cnmcs. Ls ms mprtnts sn:

PC: md l nflcn, s dcr, l ncrmnt d ls prcs. Srv d bs pr l dpcn d mdds n l pltc cnmc (cm ls tps d ntrs) y srv d rfrnc pr ls ngccns slrls, pnsns, SM… Prdct brt ndstrl: ndc l vlcn n l sctr scndr. ndcdrs d ctvdd gnrl: ldn sbr td l sctr srvcs, pr n sl l. Mdn pr jmpl l cnsm d crbrnts, ntrds d vjrs dl xtrr, cpcn htlr, lqlrs d fcns, cntrtcn tlfnc… ndcdrs dl mrcd lbrl: nfrmn sbr l vlcn dl mpl y l cldd dl msm trvs d dts rcgds d l P, SP, SS… Cnts dl std: s l nlss d ls dsvcns n ls ngrss y gsts prspstds y dl dfct pblc. (n dfct lt spn myrs ncsdds d fnnccn pr prt dl std cn l cnsgnt tnsn n ls tps d ntrs y n l nflcn.) Ls slds cn l xtrr: s nclyn mgntds cm l blnz d pgs (flj d trnsccns cnmcs) y l blnz cmrcl (flj d prdcts). ndcdrs d snsbldd y cnfnz: sts ndcdrs ntntn prdcr n vlcn mdnt snds ntr xprts n ls sctrs q s nlcn. ndcdrs mntrs: l std st ntrsd n cntrlr l dnr q hy n l sstm. Hy vrs mgntds pr mdr l ms mntr. n fncn d ls ndcdrs mntrs, l Bnc d spñ tm mdds d pltc mntr y ls gbrns dfnn prt d s pltc cnmc.

l mrcd d vlrs s cmpn d ns nstrmnts ctvs fnncrs ntrmdrs cy fncn prncpl s pnr n cntct ls cmprdrs cn ls vnddrs n ls mrcds dnd s ngcn ss nstrmnts ctvs fnncrs.

Ls mrcds d vlrs tnn ls sgnts fncns:

Fcltr l cnlzcn d hrr. Grntzr l fnnccn n l mrcd fnncr. Dr trnsprnc y sgrdd ls ntrcmbs. sgrr l lqdz d ls nvrsns. Dr stbldd l sstm fnncr.

n l mrcd d vlrs, ntrvnn ls sgnts ntrmdrs: brkr ( cmsn n l ntrmdcn), dlr (tm pscns pr trnsfrrls), y mrkt-mkr (ctz n l mrcd prcs d frt y dmnd).

n ls mrcds d vlrs, sln ngcrs ls sgnts nstrmnts: vlrs d rnt fj (ls q tnn n rndmnt mplct), vlrs d rnt vrbl (ccns d scdds dmtds ctzcn), y drvds fnncrs (pcns, ftrs…).

Ls tndncs ctls n l mrcd d vlrs sn:

nsttcnlzcn: mnt d ls prdrs nsttcnls (cmpñs d sgrs, ntdds fnncrs, nsttcns d nvrsn clctv…). Ttlzcn d ctvs: ssttcn d ls trdcnls crdts bncrs pr ctvs, ncrprds ttls vlrs ngcbls. ntrncnlzcn d ls mrcds: cm l bls rp. Dsrglcn: lbrlzcn d ls mrcds jnt nvs sstms d cntrl q grntzn trnsprnc y sgrdd n ls prcns. Nvs tcnlgs: hn prmtd l lmncn fsc d ls ttls y s ssttcn pr pnts cntbls y n ccs l nfrmcn ms rpd y sncll q mnt l trnsprnc.

L grsvdd nnc slcn n cnflct, sl l grv y rgn trs ms. n csns n ls cnflcts, s ncsr l ctcn d n mddr, q s crctrz pr: xplcr ls pscns d cd prt, ntrmdr ntr ls msms d frm srn, d mnr q n s prdzcn ms cnflcts, xplcr ls prcdmnts lgls d prtst, mntnr l clm, ntr tds.

Hcr pblcdd s frcr prdcts srvcs dtrmnds n cnjnt d psbls clnts, hcndls vr ss vntjs y dsfrts. l bjtv bsc d l pblcdd s vndr, pr tmbn s nfrm, nstry l cnsmdr n l mpl dl prdct, s prsd, s cr n mgn, ntr trs. Dsd l prspctv d l cmnccn, l pblcdd s nltrl, mprsnl, msv y pfd.

Hy ds tps d pblcdd: l drct (q llg sl l prsnt cmprdr), y l ndrct mprsnl (cst prdcr n q prcntj v vndrs). L strtg pblctr cmpt l dprtmnt d mrktng y tn vrs fss:

<>lbrr l brfng (nfrm q d p l ccn pblctr).

<>Crcn d l pblcdd mdnt vrs tcncs (dsrrllr l d, nsy…).

<>lccn d ls mds trvs d ls q s dfndr l pblcdd.

<>stblcr l prspst.

<>Fjr l tmp d dfsn y l frcnc d prcn dl mnsj pblctr.

<>L ccn.

<>Mdcn d l fcc snd tcncs stdstcs.

Hy vrs mds d dfsn:

<>Grfcs: prns, pblcdd xtrr (fchds), y pblcdd drct (fllts).

<>dvsls: cn, TV, rd.

<>trs: ntrnt, cntcmnts vnts, cts d ptrcn…

L crcn d n mprs dpnd d mchs fctrs:

N spn gnr dnr nmdtmnt. Hbr mmnts d dslnt n, y s sm n rsg l crrl.

Hy q dsrrllr n Pln d mprs mdnt dvrss crtrs.

Hy q stdr l ntrn, tnr n cnt ls sbvncns, y rlzr dvrss trmtcns lgls pr l dcd fncnmnt d l mprs.

xstn dfrnts trs sbr l prcs d dsrrll d n grp. n tds lls, s mstr n vlcn, q prt d n crt dscncrt ncl, y n bsqd d sgrdd, hc n myr grd d cnfnz y cmnccn, psnd pr l dsrrll d l prtcpcn y stblcmnt d ls nrms q rgrn s ctcn, y dsmbcnd n l cnsccn d bjtvs cmns y stsfccn d ncsdds. st sntd fnl d fcnc, q bsc td grp, prdcr n mjr n l chsn d ss mmbrs, d md q n l ftr trbjrn n qp, n pln dntfccn, pr slcnr ls prblms clctvs. L vlcn d clqr grp (s n d mprs) ps pr ls sgnts tps:

.-nclsn.

b.-strctrcn.

c.-Dsrrll.

d.-Prdccn y trmncn.

.-nclsn.

n l mmnt d frmrs n grp, ls prsns rcn rlcnds sntn l nsgrdd q prdc l dscncmnt dl ntrn n q s ncntrn y tnn l ncsdd d rdcr l ncrtdmbr d dscbrr s nv ntrn. Cd mmbr s ncrpr cn ns xpcttvs q s pdrn r mdfcnd mdd q l grp s dsrrll. st tp s crctrz pr l prgrsv y mt cncmnt d ls mmbrs, pr l cl sr sncl l dcd cndccn pr prt dl drctr.

b.-strctrcn.

s cmnz cmprr ls rsltds rls btnds pr l grp cn ls xpcttvs ndvdls d cd n d ss cmpnnts. S pdn dr, llgd st pnt, fnmns d slmnt y dscntnt n lgns cmpnnts, q dbn sr rslts cnt nts pr rndr l fncnmnt prdctv.

c.-Dsrrll.

n st tp ls rsltds mpzn sr stsfctrs, vn dsprcnd ls sntmnts d nstsfccn y vn mntnd ls d ntgrcn. st cmb s prdc l mpzr prcr rsltds stsfctrs y d lgr n ncrmnt d ls sntmnts d chsn, q prmtn mntr l prdctvdd. n st mmnt, l grp lcnz n mdrz, s h strctrd dcdmnt, dfnnds clrmnt ls prcdmnts d dcsn, nclds ls crds cn l fn d lmnr rdcr tnsns ntrns.

d.-Prdccn y trmncn.

drnt st tp l qp fncn d frm tnm y prdctv. mntn ls xpcttvs d xt, y cnd l tr llg s fn, cnsgnd ls bjtvs nclmnt prpsts, l qp s dslv.

l pln d frmcn dl prsnl ld ls mds pdggcs q s frcn ls trbjdrs pr q dsrrlln ss fncns n l trbj. l pln d frmcn (PF) rspnd ds ctgrs d bjtvs: ls rlcnds cn l prdccn, y ls rlcnds cn ls prsns (d rdn scl y cltrl).

Dsd l pnt d vst d l mprs, lgns bjtvs dl Pln d Frmcn sn:

? mntr l cmpttvdd d l mprs.

? Grntzr dsrrllr ls cmptncs cn mtv d n cntrtcn, trsld ntrn d n prmcn.

? Prvr ls crcts pr ls q s mntrn ls cncmnts pr dptr ls clfccns dl prsnl ls ncsdds d l mprs.

? Pnr nfss n ls ctgrs d prsnl mnr clfcd, n l nsrcn d ls jvns y n ls prblms drvds d crts tps d l crrr ndvdl (l jblcn, crss d l dd mdr...).

Dsd l pnt d vst d ls ndvds, lgns bjtvs dl PF sn:

? Dmnr mjr l fc.

? Prprrs pr ls cmbs prfsnls y trslds ntrns.

? Dsrrllr cncmnts prctcs rltvs l mprs.

? Cmprndr mjr l rgnzcn n l q n trbj.

? Frmrs n trrns grtfcnts fncns sn rlcn drct cn l trbj.

Ntrlz jrdc

Ls vccns prprcnn l trbjdr n dscns nl d vrs ds cnsctvs q l prmtn rstblcr ss nrgs l dspnr d n tmp d c, cnsdrd cm n ncsdd pscfsc dl sr hmn. n l mbt jrdc, s cnsdr ls vccns cm n ntrrpcn d l prstcn lbrl pr fcltr l trbjdr n prd d dscns rmnrd.

Rgmn jrdc

l drch vccns prc rgld n l C (rt. 40), n l TRT (rt. 38), n vrs Cnvns d l T (nº 101 y 132) y n l Drctv cmntr sbr l rdncn dl tmp d trbj. st drch tn ls sgnts nrms:

Sn <>nls: s gnrn d trs d. s n <>drch rrnncbl ncmpnsbl: dbrn dsfrtrs pr dscnsr, sn sr cmbds pr n trbt cnmc, mns q s hy xtngd l cntrt y n s hyn dsfrtd d ls msms, n cy cs s pgn cn n cmpnscn cnmc. Dbn <>dsfrtrs dntr dl <>ñ ntrl q crrspnd. L drcn d ls vccns nls <>n sr nfrr 30 ds ntrls s trbj l ñ cmplt: s n, sr prprcnl ls ds trbjds. Dl cmpt dl prd nl q d drch ls vccns n s xclyn ls <>sncs dl trbjdr <>jstfcds: y s xclyn ls njstfcds. L <>fjcn dl prd d vccns s rlz cmn crd ntr l mprsr y l trbjdr. l mprsr db xpnr n l cntr d trbj l <>clndr d vccns cn ds mss d ntlcn cm mnm. Cnd l prd d vccns fjd n l mprs cncd cn n ncpcdd tmprl drvd dl mbrz, l prt l lctnc, cn l prd d sspnsn dl CT, s tndr drch dsfrtr d ls vccns n tr prd dstnt l d l ncpcdd tmprl. L <>rtrbcn d ls ds d vccns s bnrn nts d s dsfrt.

md d rsmn y cnclsn, pdms dcr q:

l rsltd d l ngccn clctv (l CC) dtrmn ls crtrs d rglcn d ls rlcns ndvdls d trbj. Ls CC sn crds ntr mprsrs y rprsntnts d ls trbjdrs cn vlr nrmtv. l cntnd d n CC db rsptr ls nrms d drch bslt, y ls mxms y mnms d ls nrms d drch ncsr rltv.

L ccn prtctr cmprnd:

- sstnc Sntr.

- ncpcdd Tmprl.

- Mtrndd.

- Ptrndd.

- Rsg drnt l mbrz.

- Rsg drnt l lctnc ntrl.

- Cdd d mnrs fctdr pr cncr tr nfrmdd grv.

- ncpcdd prmntnt nvldz.

- Jblcn.

- Dsmpl.

- Prtccn pr cs d ctvdd.

- Mrt y sprvvnc.

- Prstcns fmlrs.

- Prstcn d srvcs scls.

md d rsmn, pd dcrs:

L cnm s n cnc q rqr d l cntrstcn mprc d ls mdls lbrds. l std prctc rqr dl s d ns vrbls q hcn d ndcdrs q xplcn l stcn cnmc. L mcrcnm ld l tm d dcsns q fctn ls grgds cnmcs. Tls dcsns dbn sr dptds pr l gbrn pr cmplr ss bjtvs d pltc cnmc. L nfrmcn sbr l stcn cnmc s ncsr pr l tm d dcsns, n sl d ls gbrns, sn tmbn d ls dms gnts cnmcs.

md d rsmn, pd dcrs:

Ls gbrns fjn ns bjtvs d pltc cnmc y tlzn ns nstrmnts pr cnsgrl. Trdcnlmnt s hbl d pltc d rnts, d mpl, pltc fscl, mntr, fnncr, d cmb… Hy d, sts pltcs stn cndcnds pr ls sgnts spcts: glblzcn d l cnm ntrncnl, l lbr crclcn d cptls, rspst d ls mrcds l dpcn d mdds cnmcs, y crds rgnls (, NFT, Mrcsr…). S db hcr n pltc cnmc tnnd n cnt tds sts fctrs.

L stsfccn dl clnt s n d ls crtrs ms mprtnts n l prcs d vnt, y pd llvr l fdlzcn dl msm, st s, q vlv cmprr n l msm stblcmnt. ll pd cnsgrs cn cldd y bn srvc: snd mbl, snd fcz n cnt rclmcns y srvc pstvnt, ntr trs.

Ls tcncs d tncn l clnt prtn l mprs:

mnt d vnts.

n vlr ñdd l prdct srvc.

Trnsmtn sgrdd.

Prvcn fdldd.

lmnn ls brrrs d cmnccn.

dntfcn ls vrddrs ncsdds dl clnt.

Cnlzn dcdmnt ls stcns dfcls (rclmcns, prblms).

n d ls tcncs d tncn l clnt ms dfndds s l tlfn: l mpld s dntfc, prsnlz l llmd, lclz l ntrlctr n cstn, rcg y trnsmt nfrmcn, y rslv stcns dfcls.

Pr pdr mplntr n bn strtg d tncn l clnt, hy q tnr n cnt vrs crtrs:

Plntrs l stsfccn dl clnt dsd l ptc dl clnt xgnt.

Fcltr l cmnccn ntrn fvr dl srvc l clnt.

s ms csts cptr n nv clnt vcs q mntnr tr ctv.

n clnt stsfch s n ldr d pnn, pr ms dfnd l q n h sd bn tndd.

Hy q trnsmtr sgrdd y cnfnz l clnt (llmndl pr s nmbr, drl tds ls xplccns prtns, ntr trs) y trnsmtr l snscn d q s st gst n l trbj, ll pd cntgr l clnt.

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Ls grps n prcn sl pr xgncs dl trbj, sn tmbn d mnr nfrml, s dcr, pr stsfcr ls ncsdds prsnls y scls d ss mmbrs.

ntgmnt , s cnsdrb q ls mprss stbn cmpsts pr ndvds slds y n s tnn n cnt ls rlcns ntrprsnls q ntr lls s stblcn, n cm s ntgrbn n ls qps. Hy n d, s cnsdr q ls mprss stn frmds pr grps d prsns, cy dfrnc rdc n ls bjtvs q prsgn.

l trbj n qp prsnt vntjs sbr l ndvdl cnd s rlzn trbjs mltpls, pr tn l dsvntj d l prcn d cnflcts ntr ls grps frmls nfrmls. S n srgn cnflcts, l xt st grntzd.

Sgn ltn My, ls cncpts frml nfrml srvn pr dsgnr crctrstcs strctrls d ls frmcns scls.

Ls grps frmls, vcs dnmnds rgnzcns, sn grps prvsts pr l rgnzcn q frmn prt dl rgngrm d l mprs y stn rntds hc bjtvs. Ls grps frmls tndn ls ncsdds d l mprs tnnd trs bn dfnds pr lgrr prpsts dtrmnds. Tmbn s dnmnn grps d trbj, q sn ls ndds bscs d prtcpcn d ls trbjdrs d l mprs. Dchs qps sn cnjnts d prsns q sgn n sr d nrms tcts xprss l rlcnrs ntr s.

S crctrzn:

- Sn prdct d n plnfccn rcnl pr prt d l cspd d l rgnzcn y ss rgns drctvs.

- S cmpnn d rglcns y prscrpcns fjs q fctn prsns y stcns.

- stn rntds fns d l rgnzcn, n dl ndvd.

Ls grps nfrmls stn bsds n rlcns vlntrs y spntns. stn rntds l stsfccn d ncsdds prsnls y scls d ss mmbrs. prcn d frm vlntr prtr d l ntrccn d ss ndvds.

Prsntn ls sgnts crctrstcs:

- Sn rsltd d n sr d prcss spntns d ntrccn ntr ls cmpñrs d l rgnzcn nsttcn q s ncntrn n cntct drct.

- stn bsds n crds prsnls y prctcs hbtls.

- stn rntds ls ncsdds y xprncs prsnls d ls mmbrs dl grp.

l CT s d jccn cntnd, y q ss prstcns s prlngn l lrg dl tmp, tnnd l fctr tmprl n grn ppl, fjnds l drcn dl CT, l drcn d l jrnd lbrl, ls prds d dscns, y lmtnd ls hrs d trbj y ls dscnss rtrbds q sn drchs hmns bscs.

st lmtcn s ncsr pr vrs rzns:

Rspt l drch d dscns dl trbjdr. Ncsdd d rdcr l mpct d l prstcn lbrl sbr l sld dl trbjdr. Grntzr l lbr dspscn pr l prsn d s prp tmp pr trs ctvdds.

smsm, pdn cncdrs prmss d crt drcn ls trbjdrs drnt ls q s sspnd l prstcn lbrl, rndnd l cntrt s pln fctvdd pstrrmnt.

L Sgrdd Scl s l cnjnt d mdds nrmtvs y d jccn mdnt ls q l std grntz ls sjts nclds n s cmp d plccn l sstnc y prtccn dcd nt dtrmnds stds d ncsdd prtgds.

Dch prtccn n s xtnd tds ls cddns n tmpc s gl pr tds ls sjts prtgds, pr l q xst n mdl strctrl cmplt cnfrmd pr dvrss rgmns cn dfrncs d cbrtr ntr lls.

l mrktng prmt vnzr n l mbt cmnctv d n mprs. Hy q ncdr n ls pqñs y mdns mprss pr q hgn s d ls tcncs d nvstgcn d mrcd, ps ss pcs psbldds pr rcrss frmcn.

Ls grps frmls rgnzds pr ls mprss pr rlzr ss ctvdds s pdn dvdr n ds grps, s tmms cm crtr l stbldd d ls rlcns ntr ss mmbrs:

Grps prmnnts y grps tmprls.

Ls grps prmnnts: s cpn d ls ctvdds hbtls d l rgnzcn. xstn vrs tps:

Drctvs, jctvs mnds ntrmds, prfsnls d dsrrll y lbrls.

- Ls drctvs: lbrn plns, tmn dcsns y sprvsn l fncnmnt dl rst dl grp.

- Ls jctvs mnds ntrmds: cncrtn ls bjtvs gnrls n trs ms spcfcs.

- Ls prfsnls d dsrrll: dsrrlln ls prcss tcncs.

- Ls lbrls: fctn ls trs cncrts.

Ls grps tmprls:

ls q rlzn trs d crctr tmprl, cntrds fndmntlmnt n ctvdds d dsrrll nnvcn.

l grp tn n drcn lmtd y s dslv n vz fnlzd s fncn. sts grps s trg cd vz ms mprtnc y sn cnsdrds clv pr l ftr, y q n ls rgnzcns dbn mpnrs cd vz ms strctrs dnmcs y dpttvs, dds ls cndcns d prmnnt cmb mbntl y tcnlgc n q s dsnvlvn.

n l ctldd, cd vz cpn n ppl ms mprtnt, cm nstrmnts d l drccn pr hcr frnt dtrmnds stcns q xjn n slcn fcz, sn ncsdd d crr l stblcmnt d n nv dprtmnt qp. Sn mchs ls rgnzcns q fncnn pr prycts y cnsttyn qps tmprls pr l dsrrll d ls msms.

Ls grps tmprls prsntn tmbn vrs tps:

d hc, d pryct y d ngccn.

d hc: crds pr n fnldd dtrmnd y pr n tmp lmtd, srvn pr slcnr prblms nvs y sln spnr pr ss mmbrs n tr ñdd.

Ls d pryct: s stblcn pr dsñr nvs prdcts prcss tcnlgcs.

Ls d ngccn: cnsstn n ds grps q s rnn cn l prpst d rslvr cnflcts cncrtr ntrss.

Dsd q ncms, bscms trs prsns pr stsfcr nstrs ncsdds, prmrs y scndrs, spclmnt cnt ms grsv y xgnt s l ntrn n q ns mvms.

L Hstr y l cmb scl hn trnsfrmd ls rlcns scls, y nq cd vz s tnd ms l ndvdlzcn y ls ncntrs fgcs, l xpnsn d grnds rgnzcns brcrtcs y l sclzcn nsttcnl, smpr bscms spcs d cmnccn ntrccn drct, fsc y vrtl.

PQÑS GRPS Y RGNZCÓN - NFLNC D LS GRPS SBR SS MMBRS

FRMCN Y MNTNMNT D LS GRPS

"Psclg Scl" ngl Gmz, ln Gvr y tzr Frnndz. Snz y Trrs 2006